1984 Analysis Essay - 631 Words

History and 1984 War is peace. Freedom is Slavery. Ignorance is strength. In George Orwells 1984, a light is shining on the concept of a negative utopia, or dystopia caused by totalitarianism. Totalitarianism is, a form of government in which political authority exercises absolute and centralized control over all aspects of lifeÂ… and any opposing political and/or cultural expressions are suppressed. Having lived in a time of totalitarianism regime, Orwell had a firsthand account of its horrific lengths and negative affects. Within 1984, Orwell derives aspects of the actual government of his time to create, The Party, Big Brother, and the Thought Police. Using these fictional recreations of reality, Orwells 1984†¦show more content†¦Stalin use this concept in the 30s for the same reason as the party; to make the people believe the government was legitimate. Another aspect of Orwells prophetic novel is the thought of technology. During the time that Orwell wrote 1984, the radio was more co mment than the television and computers had not even been considered. Nonetheless, Orwell found a way to include these things in his story. The tele-screen could be related to the modern TV. Also, in the book, the control of machinery and sources of information are controlled by computers. Orwell uses technology in this book to show that these things that were made to help man, can lead to the corruptness and downfall of society, much like what is being seen today. Living in a world that continues to make advancements technologically and politically, a book written more than 50 years ago still warns the world of what could happen if government becomes too forceful. Because of George Orwells strong hatred for totalitarianism and its life dictating qualities, readers can get a taste of the perfect dystopia. Though the people of today have been warned and are afraid of an all controlling government, they continue to allow the concept of 1984 to become more and more real. If people continue to just watch their governments make decisions and not ask questions, they will fall victim to its power. If a man not of this time understands the terror of totalitarianism, everyone shouldShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841450 Words   |  6 PagesThose familiar with George Orwell’s â€Å"1984† will recall that â€Å"Newspeak was designed not to extend but to diminish the range of thought.† I recently felt the weight of this Orwellian ethos when many of my students sent emails to inform me, and perhaps warn me, that my name appears on the Professor Watchlist, a new website created by a conservative youth group known as Turning Point USA. I could sense the gravity in those email messages, a sense of relaying what is to come. The Professor Watchlist’sRead MoreThe Case of Malcolm Farley1275 Words   |  5 PagesThe case of Malcolm Fairley is a unique case in which paint analysis and the use of forensic science made investigators succeed in apprehending a criminal they were after for a long time. The role of paint analysis in this case was enormous and to date it is one of the cases people refer to when discussing the relationship between forensic science and crime (Smith, 2005). In 1984, Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire residents suffered sleepless nights with fear and terror in their homes. Armed burglariesRead MoreAnalysis Of 1984 s 1984 1317 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature and Composition Summer Project 1984 Ms. Shaw 1. 1984 The title 1984 is significant to the some of the themes throughout the novel which are developing technology, propaganda, and the ability to manipulate the truth. Developing technology is shown throughout the novel when telescreens and bombs become commonly used within society; these are examples of the technology modernizing throughout this time period. A second theme significant to the novel 1984 is propaganda led by using an exampleRead MoreAnalysis on 19841207 Words   |  5 PagesID NO. 402341 Wesley English II H 20 August 2010 Foreshadowing in 1984 Foreshadowing: the use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in a novel. Foreshadowing is often used to predict death or fortune and can be valuable for the reader s comprehension. In the novel 1984, George Orwell depicts a utopian society and a totalitarian government. Society is at constant war and freedom is crumbling. Death is everywhere along with poverty, and censorship.Read MoreAnalysis Of 1984768 Words   |  4 Pagesbecoming a 21st century 1984. 1984 by George Orwell foreshadows similarity between technology, safety, and language in todays world as well as in the picture of 1984’ society. The made up idea of telescreens, memory holes, different language, and safety probation have become to simmare to the present world. In Orwells work conclusions can be drawn that he definitely was pointing to something much greater in our world then within his book. Throughout the storyline of 1984 Orwell clearly foreshadowsRead More1984 Doublethink Analysis1497 Words   |  6 Pages1984 Connection: In 1984, George Orwell illustrates a dystopian society in which he emphasizes the influential contribution of language to the psychological manipulation the Party imposes. Specifically, through the concept of Doublethink, Orwell highlights the ironic names of the Partys ministries as means to euphemize what they actually are. From the very beginning of the novel, it is revealed how the Party characterizes the faà §ade that The Ministry of Truth, which concerned itself with newsRead More1984 Doublethink Analysis1237 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Doublethink in The Government of 1984 â€Å" War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength,†. The following quote originates from the infamous novel, 1984 by George Orwell. The significance of this popular quote was to display an example of the action of doublethink. Doublethink is the act of having two contradictory thoughts at the same time and believing both are true. Doublethink plays an influential role in the novel, 1984. The novel takes place in a super-state by the nameRead More1984 Critical Analysis1134 Words   |  5 Pages10/23/11 1984 critical analysis In the novel 1984 by George Orwell a man named Winston lives within a dis-utopian society. People within this society keep their emotions non-noticeable because if they go against what the inner circle is teaching than that person would work manually labor for the rest of their life. In the story a party known as the inner circle uses a few slogans and sayings to control everything. The inner circle uses all that they say to brainwash people into believing whatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 1182 Words   |  5 PagesWAR IS PEACE. FREEDOM IS SLAVERY. IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH. Can a world ever be like the scenario that occurs in the the story 1984? Everywhere you go, the government or party in other words are always watching you. They watch you in your house through your telescreen which you could never turn off and they hear you through the bushes. If you do any illegal actions the police might capture you and send you to the Ministry of Love where you would be torchered and beate n up. Actions that includes freeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 1452 Words   |  6 Pageswas just a way of getting what was needed from the specific person, no thoughts of depth going into how it might affect the person or society as a whole. Obviously torture and force were as real today as when our main source of insight, the novel, 1984, was written. This book talks about the horrors of torture our main character was forced into. This comes as a hard pill to swallow knowing that the author of the book more than likely got his inspiration from the totalitarian governments in existence

The Hague And / Or The Netherlands Essay - 1004 Words

ESSAY Topic : â€Å"Upon graduating from THUAS, what contribution or mark would you like to make to the international ‘community’ of the Hague and/or the Netherlands?† Back when I was a child, the mesmerizing sight of nature’s already captivated me. There were abundant resources in this world. Some waiting its turn to be processed into something more useful for the people and some are still waiting to be found. As well as how great humanity by being able to process all kind of materials they found, starting with traditional technology until the latest technology. By using the technology we have, we process all kinds of material and make it into things that are beneficial our life. By recycling the resources, we can keep processing all kinds of material not only for a short period amount of time. The reality, unfortunately, is very much the opposite of what we hope for. Many factories throw their wastes into the wild without being processed to make it less harmful for the nature. They just throw the waste without considering what kind of effect it will make for this nature. As a person, we have to be responsible for our action. If our action is to take resources from the nature, then we must take care of the nature as a result. With dire moments such as global warming up ahead, we must reflect on ourselves to slow down this problem and also fix the nature. In order to do this, upon graduating from The Hague University of Applied Science, not only I want to make The Hague moreShow MoreRelatedBackground Information On The Business Environment1043 Words   |  5 PagesInformation on the Business Environment in Netherlands The country is in the Western part of Europe, and was discovered in January 30th, 1648. The population is just under seventeen million. The capital city, Amsterdam, has a population of 779,808. Political and legal: Mark Rutte is a Dutch politician who became the Prime Minister of The Netherlands in the year 2010, 14th October. In addition, he also became the first liberal Prime Minister of the Netherland since the year 1918, making it ninety-eightRead MoreTo What Extent Did World War II Affect Economic Relations Between The Us And The Netherlands?1321 Words   |  6 Pagesrelations between The US and the Netherlands? Thesis: Abstract: Introduction: To look at the change in economic relations between the netherlands and the U.S. on either side of WWII it is hard to not mix in some politics and military theory as it is a world war, arguably the biggest conflict in the history of the world (that we know of). Pre-WWII: The U.S.’s economic partnership with the Netherlands dates back to the American Revolution, in which the Netherlands supplied finances and suppliesRead MoreBiography of Vincent Van Gogh635 Words   |  3 PagesTheodorus Van Gogh and Anna Cornelia Carentus in Groot Zundert, Netherlands, he was also the eldest child of six. His father was an austere country minister, and his mother was an artist whose love of drawing, watercolors, and nature transferred to her son. At fifteen he was forced to leave school and start work, due to his familys financial struggle. Receiving a job at his Uncles art dealership, Groupil Cie., a firm of art dealers in The Hague. In June of 1873, Vincent Van Gogh was transferred toRead MoreNetherlands and Densely Populated Countries Essay697 Words   |  3 PagesThe Netherlands The Netherlands, officially Kingdom of the Netherlands, is a constitutional monarchy located in Northwest Europe. The Netherlands Antilles is part of the state and consists of islands in the Caribbean. The Netherlands is often called Holland after a historic region, part of the present day nation. The country is bounded on the North and West by the North Sea, on the East by Germany, and on the South by Belgium. Land is scarce in the Netherlands and is fully exploited. TheRead MoreComparison Between Holland And Croatia1729 Words   |  7 Pagesand the North Sea (Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency 21). Daytime temperatures range from between 2 0C to 6 0C in the winter and 17 0C to 20 0C in the summer (Weatheronline.co.uk). The mean annual precipitation ranges from between 700 to 900 millimeters per year. Climate change in Holland has been observed in terms of the increase in the average temperature, increase in the amount and intensity of precipitation, and the common o ccurrence of extremely hot days (Netherlands Environmental AssessmentRead MoreNetherlands Immigration Policy Effects the Survival Development of the Undocumented Migrants1377 Words   |  6 Pagesand denial of survival, social security rights. Netherland, as one of the OECD countries, has also gradually adopted policies that exclude the undocumented migrants from access to food, shelter and health care, which are the most basic need for every human being to survive. Since then, the undocumented migrants are experiencing more difficulties than ever. As part of the curriculum in Minor Human Rights and Social Work, the students of The Hague University of Applied Science are given a chanceRead MoreThe First Peace Conference : A World Of Codes Of Chivalry923 Words   |  4 PagesPeace Conference was held at The Hague in the Netherland. Most of the conference was spent discussing the creation of an international arbitrary court, armaments, and the laws of war. Though many of the agreed upon terms were broken at the start of World War I, The laws of war in particular needed to be discussed because the conduct of war needed to be changed. The world was changing from a world of codes of chivalry to following and setting laws. While at The Hague the laws of war set were the treatmentRead MoreCrimes Against Humanity : Genocide1414 Words   |  6 Pagesworld have been active in the development of institutions that can handle cases described as having the elements of international crimes. Organisations that fight crimes against humanity The ICC is an international tribunal that based in The Hague, in Netherlands. The court has been formed by different governments with the jurisdiction of investigating and prosecuting people international crimes such as war crimes, genocide as well as crimes against humanity (Rodenhà ¤user, 2014). The establishment ofRead MoreInfluence Of Prior On Subsequent Crime Location Choice1283 Words   |  6 Pagesoffended in the same area over a short amount of time. Data for this article was collected from police departments from the greater The Hague Area in the Netherlands. Once a crime has been committed there is a very small time period before another crime is committed in the same area, this tends to put further targets at risk in the near-by area around the great The Hague area. This report briefly discusses all of the contributing factors to how the study was conducted, from the way that the data was collectedRead MoreA Brief Note On The Syrian Refugee Crisis1601 Words   |  7 Pa gesis due to the Syrian Civil War, the war that has sparked an estimated 6 000 000 refugees to flee and look for new homes in neighboring countries. The crisis is ongoing and the EU countries are showing to be greatly affected by the issue. The Netherlands has made a total of 58 500 000 â‚ ¬ available to refugees who need funds, mainly from the countries of Syria, Yemen, and Iraq. This aid is being used by the UN to reduce malnourishment in Yemen where 80% of all people need assistance from foreign nations

Deconstructing Theory of Comparative Advantage †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Deconstructing Theory of Comparative Advantage. Answer: Introduction: The Gross Domestic Product of a country is the sum of the values of the goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of a country, within a particular period of time, usually one economic year. The GDP of a country and the growth in the same is an indicator of the economic growth of the country. However, though the increase in the GDP of a country indicates that the productivity of the country is increasing and the country is experiencing economic growth, the welfare of the residents of the country cannot be robustly measured with the help of this economic indicator (Burda and Wyplosz 2013). The reasons are as follows: The distribution of income of a country cannot be seen from the increase in the GDP of the country. Even if there is high inequality in income distribution of the country but the productivity of the country is high, then also the GDP of the country will be high though the welfare of a major share of people residing in the country will be low. The GDP of a country does not take into account the development indicators like education, health, sanitation and others. The GDP of a country only takes into account the value of the final goods and services that are accounted for within the country. But there are many goods and services which are produced in a country and are not accounted for. GDP cannot account for these goods and the positive and negative externalities (Fleurbaey and Blanchet 2013). Having a high GDP does not essentially mean that the country is also doing well in terms of the overall economic development and welfare aspects, which can be seen from the following table: Country GDP Ranking (2016) HDI Ranking (2016) China 2 90 Norway 30 1 As can be seen from the above table, China excels visibly in terms of the GDP growth as it stands second in the world GDP ranking in 2016. However, when seen in terms of the Human Development Index, which measures the overall welfare of the residents of the country in terms of education, income and life expectancy, the country ranks visibly low at 90. Norway on the other hand, ranks 30th in terms of GDP but excels in the welfare grounds by topping the chart in the global scenario (Bray et al. 2012). One of the major criteria which the firms take into account while taking decisions regarding investment expenditures is the rate of interest which is prevailing in the economy under the domain of which it operating at that particular point of time. This is the interest rate in the country determines the amount of borrowing and also the amount of saving. When the interest rates are high, households as well as firms borrow less as the cost of borrowing is high. Conversely, a lower interest rate prevailing in a country boosts up borrowing which in turn increases the investment expenditures of the firms (Mankiw 2014). This can be shown with the help of the following diagram and taking references of the two countries, the United States of America and the Japan: As can be seen from the above figure, a higher rate of interest rate increases savings and discourages borrowings, thereby decreasing the investment expenditure as is currently seen to be happening in the USA as the Federal Reserve is increasing their interest rate. On the other hand a lower interest rate increases the extent of investment expenditures as the commercial firms as well as the households gain confidence to borrow money from the banks. This is the case, which is consistently prevailing in Japan over the last few years. The interest rates are maintained at almost a negative level in the country, which facilitates investments tremendously which n its turn can be considered to be one of the driving force and primary factor behind the countrys impressive growth (Aron et al. 2012). Implications of interest rate on the growth of GDP: When the interest rate of a country prevails at a low level, it facilitates borrowing and investment expenditures in the country as discussed above. Investment being one of the significant components of the aggregate demand in any country, the rise in the investment expenditures increases the aggregate demand in the country, which in its turn contributes in increasing the overall productivity in the country in that particular period of time. This in its turn facilitates the economic growth of the country and the GDP of the country experiences positive growth (Mankiw 2014). Thus, it can be asserted that in a general framework, lower interest rates facilitates borrowing and investment expenditure in a country, which in turn increases the aggregate demand and the GDP of the country is expected to rise. The comparative advantage theory of international trade came after the limitations of the classical trade theory of absolute advantage in trade were revealed. According to the comparative advantage theory, a country tries to specialize in the production of that commodity or service and also tries to export the same in which it experiences a comparative advantage in production, over the other country with which it is trading. In simpler words, a country generally exports that commodity, which it can produce abundantly, and more cost effectively, depending upon the nature of resources it has and imports that commodity which it cannot produce efficiently and has a comparative disadvantage than the other countries with which it is trading (Gopinath, Helpman and Rogoff 2014). The theory of comparative advantage is considerably relevant in the real world trade scenario as the countries do export the goods and services which they can produce more efficiently than others do and imports those commodities or services whose domestic cost of production is high. When considered from a broader and generalized perspective, free trade is expected to benefit all the countries in the world as free trade allows the consumers of a country to get products at a cheaper price and the firms of the country to export their products and earn revenue. However, though it has many positive implications on the economic growth of the countries, there are several negative implications of the same, especially in the less developed or developing countries. In these countries, the existence of free trade often poses threat to the growth of the small domestic industries as their bigger global counterparts gain the market by providing better quality commodities at a cheaper price, which prevents the domestic firms to attain economies of scale. Again restricting free trade by imposing tariffs also hamper the firms as they cannot import new innovations, technologies and improved machineries from abroad to boost up their production (Schumacher 2013). References Aron, J., Duca, J.V., Muellbauer, J., Murata, K. and Murphy, A., 2012. Credit, housing collateral, and consumption: Evidence from Japan, the UK, and the US.Review of Income and Wealth,58(3), pp.397-423. Bray, F., Jemal, A., Grey, N., Ferlay, J. and Forman, D., 2012. Global cancer transitions according to the Human Development Index (20082030): a population-based study.The lancet oncology,13(8), pp.790-801. Burda, M. and Wyplosz, C., 2013.Macroeconomics: a European text. Oxford university press. Fleurbaey, M. and Blanchet, D., 2013.Beyond GDP: Measuring welfare and assessing sustainability. Oxford University Press. Gopinath, G., Helpman, E. and Rogoff, K. eds., 2014.Handbook of international economics(Vol. 4). Elsevier. Mankiw, N.G., 2014.Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Schumacher, R., 2013. Deconstructing the theory of comparative advantage.World Social and Economic Review,2013(2, 2013), p.83.

Thesis Statement and Outline free essay sample

Phoenix Material What is your thesis statement? Music is a social memoir that discusses all cultural realities. For the African American culture, music has always been a platform for many relevant discussions; I. E. , religion, current events, government, violence, culture, and self-awareness. The African American sound and appearances of hip-hop was concocted from various foundations, such as jazz, blues, rock-n-roll, and gospel.Hip-hop is regarded as one f the more relevant genres of todays musical spectrum. Social growth and the popularity of personal intrigue have developed a great platform of honesty in hip- hop music today. The expression of hip-hop is an integral piece of the lifestyles for not only African Americans, but also people of all races. Hip-hop and Its cultural representation are valid and collective explanations regarding the latest and ever so expanding strides of collects evolution.Introduction Hip-Hops Origin What qualities and behaviors developed this culture? A. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis Statement and Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1. Creative Expression The sound and Influences (Jazz) 2. 3. African American owned? Hip-Hops evolution and effect on culture Ill. A. Discuss topics in regards to who, what, and how, social matters and necessities of Hip-Hop culture, changes and develops trends. 1. Consider the current trends In: clothing, and opposite multi media productions such as TV commercials, movies, television shows, sporting events, grade ads and music videos. . Hip-Hop has helped to pump millions of dollars into the economy. 3. Hip Hop music and its culture has crossed cultural, racial, geographical, and religious lines around the world A. Hip Hop music is morphing to something more: a brand, a mean of economic growth and monetary consummation, and a platform for new social and reality related expressions. 1. A crossed culture; I. E. , electronic music, sports marketing, presidential campaign, new Hipster spawned culture. 2.Repeat colonization. Conclusion Explain in a brief paragraph of no fewer than 150 words why you decided to sequence your outline as you did. The reason that I choose to sequence my outline in the matter in which I choose was to give the readers an informative experience of where hip-hop has been and how its cultural effect on todays society is progressing forward into the future. The ultra known as hip-hop today is vastly different from its past and origin, that some may assume.What the culture represents today is not what is was of the past. This culture was something a race and its patrons took pride in. It created a voice for those that could not en heard. The outline is an enormous representative of the ideology; you dont know where youre going until you know where youve been approach. I would like to touch on such subjects that deal with the change this culture, who and what plays a part into the modifications, what will be the long lasting results of these new predictions of change. Thesis Statement and Outline free essay sample Hip-hop is regarded as one of the more relevant genres of todays musical spectrum. Social growth and the popularity of personal intrigue have developed a great platform of honesty in hip-hop music today. The expression of hip-hop is an integral piece of the lifestyles for not only African Americans, but also people of all races. Hip-hop and its cultural representation are valid and collective explanations regarding the latest and ever so expanding strides of society evolution. A. 2. 3.Introduction Hip-Hops Origin What qualities and behaviors developed this culture? Creative Expression The sound and influences (Jazz) African American owned? . Hip-Hops evolution and effect on culture A. Discuss topics in regards to who, what, and how, social matters and necessities of Hip-Hop culture, changes and develops trends. 1. Consider the current trends in: clothing, and opposite multi media productions such as TV commercials, movies, television shows, sporting events, grade ads and music videos. We will write a custom essay sample on Thesis Statement and Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2.Hip-Hop has helped to pump millions of dollars into the economy. 3. Hip Hop music and its culture has crossed cultural, racial, geographical, and religious lines around the world V. Hip-Hop culture and its indefinite future A. Hip Hop music is morphing to something more: a brand, a mean of economic growth and monetary consummation, and a platform for new social and reality related expressions. 1. A crossed culture; I. E. , electronic music, sports marketing, presidential campaign, new Hipster spawned culture. . Repeat colonization. VI. Conclusion Explain in a brief paragraph of no fewer than 1 50 words why you decided to sequence your outline as you did. The reason that I choose to sequence my outline in the matter in which I choose was to give the readers an informative experience of where hip-hop has been and how its cultural effect on todays society is progressing forward into the future. The culture known as hip-hop today is vastly different from its past and origin, that some may assume.What the culture represents today is not what is was of the past. This culture was something a race and its patrons took pride in. It created a voice for those that could not en heard. The outline is an enormous representative of the ideology; you dont know where youre going until you know where youve been approach. I would like to touch on such subjects that deal with the change this culture, who and what plays a part into the modifications, what will be the long lasting results of these new predictions of change.

Article 2. Section 7-28 Essays

Article 2. Section 7-28 Essays Article 2. Section 7-28 Essay Article 2. Section 7-28 Essay John Vincent Troy S. May 2, 2011 B. A Political Science – 1PolSci 1 POLICY TOPIC CONTENTEXAMPLE(ISSUES) Section 7 (Foreign Policy of the Philippines The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy . In its relations with other states the paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to self- discrimination. Visiting Forces Agreement Section 8 ( Freedom from nuclear weapons policy)The Philippines, consistent with the national interest, adopting and pursues a policy of freedom from nuclear weapons in its territoryBataan Nuclear Power Plant Section 9 (Just and Dynamic social order)The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through the policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all. Philippines as one of the top ten most poorest country in the world Section 10 (Social Justice)The State shall promote social justice in all phases of national developmentTuition Fee Hike resulting to unequal opportunity to education Section 11 ( Human dignity and human rights)The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect of human rightsProstitutions and Sale of Organs Section 12 (Strengthening the family as a basic autonomous social institution)The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception. Child and Family Courts to handle criminal and civil cases involving children and family relations Section 13 (Role of the youth in nation building)The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well- being. P. D. No. 603 – known as the Child and Youth Welfare Code Section 14 ( Role of women in nation-building)The State recognizes the role of the women in ation-building, and shall ensure the fundamental equality before the laws of men and women. Subic Rape Case Section 15 ( Right of people to health)The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and instill health consciousness among them. R. A. No. 7875 – National Health Insurance Act of 1995 institutes the National Health Insurance Program Section 16 (Right of the people to a balanced and healthful ec ology)The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 and Sewage System/Garbage Segregation Section 17 ( Priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture and sports )The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development. Nursing Licensure Examination Leakage Section 18( Labor as primary social economic force)The State affirms the labor as a primary social economic force. It shall protect the rights of workers and promote their welfare. Hacienda Luicita Issues Section 19 (Self – reliant and independent national economy)The State shall develop a self – reliant and independent national economy effectively controlled by FilipinosForeign ownerships of chain of companies Section 20 ( Role of the private sector in the economy)The State recognizes the indispensable role of the private sector, encourages private enterprise, and provides incentives to needed investments. Hereditary succession of private lands Section 21 (Comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform)The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform. Land Reform Act of Pres. Ramon Magsaysay Section 22 (Rights of indigenous culture communities)The State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national unity and developmentCandy Pangalinan Issue (Joke about Igorots) Section 23 (Non-governmental, community-based or sectoral organizations)The State shall encourage non-governmental, community-based, or sectoral organizations that promote the welfare of the nation. R. A. No. 6938 – Cooperative Code of the Philippines Section 24 (Vital role of communication and information in nation-building. )The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-buildingSmart Telecom used for Automated Elections Section 25 (Autonomy of local governments)The State shall ensure the autonomy of local governments. R. A. No. 160 – Local Government Code of 1991 Section 26 (Equal access to opportunities for public service)The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by lawMulti – party system Section 27( Honesty and integrity in public service)The State shall maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption. Corruption issue of Oriental Mindoro Congressman R. Valencia Section 28 ( Full disclosure by the State of all its transactions)Subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, the State adopts and implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public interest. Mr. and Mrs. Ligot – the used of public funds for personal interests

Heart Location What Side of Your Body Is Your Heart On

Heart Location What Side of Your Body Is Your Heart On SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What side is your heart on? It may not be the answer you’re expecting! Chest pain is an issue that understandably makes many people nervous, but knowing some basic facts about your heart and the rest of your body can help you feel more at ease and informed. Read this guide to learn your heart location, where the heart is located in relation to other organs, what kind of chest pain may indicate a heart issue, and other potential causes of chest pain. What Side Is Your Heart On? Where is the heart located? While most people think their heart is located on the left side of their chest, (after all, isn’t that where you place your hand when you say the Pledge of Allegiance?) your heart location is actually close to the center of your chest, just slightly shifted to the left side. About two-thirds of your heart is on the left side of your chest, and one-third is on the right side, so it’s pretty nearly centered. To get technical about it, your heart is located in your mediastinum (a membranous space located between the lungs), which itself is in the center of your thorax (the part of the body between your neck and abdomen). The heart is commonly thought to be on the left side of your body since it’s this side of the heart that does most of the work. The left side is stronger and is the part of the heart that pumps oxygen-rich blood to other parts of the body, so it’s primarily this side of the heart (located slightly on the left side of your chest) that you feel beating when you put your hand on your chest, leading people to think that the entire heart is on the left side of the chest. Your heart is about the size of your fist, so if you make a fist and put it over the center of your chest, you’ll get a good idea of where your heart is located. Where Is the Heart Located in Relation to Other Organs? Because of its central location in your chest, your heart is close to a lot of other vital organs. Your heart is located behind your sternum and between your two lungs. The heart is located closer to the front of your chest, in front of your esophagus and spine. Below your heart is your diaphragm, stomach, and liver. The diagram below shows where the heart location in respect to other organs. What Kinds of Chest Pain Indicate a Heart Issue? Often when people feel chest pain, they worry they are experiencing a heart attack or other serious heart issue. While many times the chest pain is caused by something other than your heart (see the next section), you should always call your doctor, call 9, or go to the hospital if you’re concerned that you’re having a heart issue. The classic symptom of a heart attack is pain on the left side of your chest. This pain can range from mild to severe, and many people report feeling pressure or a squeezing sensation in their chest. The pain may be steady or come and go. Common symptoms of chest pain that is caused by heart issues include: Pain that is usually worse in the morning Pain that feels deep or heavy as opposed to sharp and stabbing Pain that feels worse when you exert yourself However, chest pain due to a heart issue is not only limited to pain on the left side of the chest. Pain may also occur in other areas such as on either side of the upper chest, radiating down one or both arms, and behind your ribs. The pain can also spread to your back, upper part of the stomach, shoulders, neck, and jaw. Other common symptoms of a heart attack include: Shortness of breath Nausea and/or vomiting Dizziness Breaking out in a sweat If you experience these symptoms, call 9 immediately, even if you're not sure you're having a heart attack. What Are Other Causes of Chest Pain? Chest pain isn’t something you should brush off, but fortunately there are many causes of chest pain besides a heart attack. In fact, the pain may not even be related to your heart at all. Below are some non-cardiac causes of chest pain. Pain on the Left or Right Side of Your Chest Tear or strain in your chest wall: Pulls, strains, or tears to the Pectoralis Major or Pectoralis Minor can also cause chest pain. The pain often increases when you touch the area or move in certain ways. Pneumonia: Pneumonia is a lung infection that inflames the air sacs of one or both lungs. If you only have pneumonia in one lung, that may be the only side of the chest where you feel pain. Pneumonia is often accompanied by a fever, cough, and a general feeling of malaise. Pulmonary embolism: A pulmonary embolism is when a blood clot lodges in an artery of the lung. If a PE occurs, you’ll often feel a sharp, stabbing pain on the side of your chest where that lung is located that feels worse when you take deep breaths. Inflamed pancreas: If your pancreas is inflamed, you’ll often have intense pain that begins behind your rib cage and spreads to the right side of your chest. The pain is often worse when you lie down. Pain in Your Upper Abdomen Appendicitis: Appendicitis occurs when your appendix becomes inflamed. Your appendix is located in the lower right side of your abdomen, but the pain can spread to your middle and upper abdomen, especially if the infection becomes severe. Gallbladder infection: If you have a gallbladder infection or gallstones, you may feel sharp, stabbing pains in your upper abdomen. Liver infection: When the liver is inflamed or infected with hepatitis, it can cause pain in your upper abdomen which also spread to the right side of your chest. Digestion issue: Indigestion, heartburn, or other digestive issue can cause discomfort and pain that spreads to the upper abdomen and sometimes the chest and esophagus. Recap: What Side Is Your Heart On? What side of the body is the heart on? The heart’s location is erroneously thought to be the left side of the chest, but your heart is actually located nearly in the center of your chest, behind your sternum and between your two lungs. Pain on the left side of the chest is often connected with heart problems because it usually the left side of the heart that causes pain when there is a health issue. Heart problems are a serious, and sometimes fatal, health issue, and if you’re ever concerned about chest pain you’re experiencing, contact your doctor or go to the hospital immediately. However, chest pain can be caused by many issues not related to the heart, such as an issue with your lungs, liver, or digestion. Don’t spend too much time trying to self-diagnose though. Whenever you have a health issue that worries you, make an appointment with your doctor so you can get an accurate diagnosis.

Heart Location What Side of Your Body Is Your Heart On

Heart Location What Side of Your Body Is Your Heart On SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What side is your heart on? It may not be the answer you’re expecting! Chest pain is an issue that understandably makes many people nervous, but knowing some basic facts about your heart and the rest of your body can help you feel more at ease and informed. Read this guide to learn your heart location, where the heart is located in relation to other organs, what kind of chest pain may indicate a heart issue, and other potential causes of chest pain. What Side Is Your Heart On? Where is the heart located? While most people think their heart is located on the left side of their chest, (after all, isn’t that where you place your hand when you say the Pledge of Allegiance?) your heart location is actually close to the center of your chest, just slightly shifted to the left side. About two-thirds of your heart is on the left side of your chest, and one-third is on the right side, so it’s pretty nearly centered. To get technical about it, your heart is located in your mediastinum (a membranous space located between the lungs), which itself is in the center of your thorax (the part of the body between your neck and abdomen). The heart is commonly thought to be on the left side of your body since it’s this side of the heart that does most of the work. The left side is stronger and is the part of the heart that pumps oxygen-rich blood to other parts of the body, so it’s primarily this side of the heart (located slightly on the left side of your chest) that you feel beating when you put your hand on your chest, leading people to think that the entire heart is on the left side of the chest. Your heart is about the size of your fist, so if you make a fist and put it over the center of your chest, you’ll get a good idea of where your heart is located. Where Is the Heart Located in Relation to Other Organs? Because of its central location in your chest, your heart is close to a lot of other vital organs. Your heart is located behind your sternum and between your two lungs. The heart is located closer to the front of your chest, in front of your esophagus and spine. Below your heart is your diaphragm, stomach, and liver. The diagram below shows where the heart location in respect to other organs. What Kinds of Chest Pain Indicate a Heart Issue? Often when people feel chest pain, they worry they are experiencing a heart attack or other serious heart issue. While many times the chest pain is caused by something other than your heart (see the next section), you should always call your doctor, call 9, or go to the hospital if you’re concerned that you’re having a heart issue. The classic symptom of a heart attack is pain on the left side of your chest. This pain can range from mild to severe, and many people report feeling pressure or a squeezing sensation in their chest. The pain may be steady or come and go. Common symptoms of chest pain that is caused by heart issues include: Pain that is usually worse in the morning Pain that feels deep or heavy as opposed to sharp and stabbing Pain that feels worse when you exert yourself However, chest pain due to a heart issue is not only limited to pain on the left side of the chest. Pain may also occur in other areas such as on either side of the upper chest, radiating down one or both arms, and behind your ribs. The pain can also spread to your back, upper part of the stomach, shoulders, neck, and jaw. Other common symptoms of a heart attack include: Shortness of breath Nausea and/or vomiting Dizziness Breaking out in a sweat If you experience these symptoms, call 9 immediately, even if you're not sure you're having a heart attack. What Are Other Causes of Chest Pain? Chest pain isn’t something you should brush off, but fortunately there are many causes of chest pain besides a heart attack. In fact, the pain may not even be related to your heart at all. Below are some non-cardiac causes of chest pain. Pain on the Left or Right Side of Your Chest Tear or strain in your chest wall: Pulls, strains, or tears to the Pectoralis Major or Pectoralis Minor can also cause chest pain. The pain often increases when you touch the area or move in certain ways. Pneumonia: Pneumonia is a lung infection that inflames the air sacs of one or both lungs. If you only have pneumonia in one lung, that may be the only side of the chest where you feel pain. Pneumonia is often accompanied by a fever, cough, and a general feeling of malaise. Pulmonary embolism: A pulmonary embolism is when a blood clot lodges in an artery of the lung. If a PE occurs, you’ll often feel a sharp, stabbing pain on the side of your chest where that lung is located that feels worse when you take deep breaths. Inflamed pancreas: If your pancreas is inflamed, you’ll often have intense pain that begins behind your rib cage and spreads to the right side of your chest. The pain is often worse when you lie down. Pain in Your Upper Abdomen Appendicitis: Appendicitis occurs when your appendix becomes inflamed. Your appendix is located in the lower right side of your abdomen, but the pain can spread to your middle and upper abdomen, especially if the infection becomes severe. Gallbladder infection: If you have a gallbladder infection or gallstones, you may feel sharp, stabbing pains in your upper abdomen. Liver infection: When the liver is inflamed or infected with hepatitis, it can cause pain in your upper abdomen which also spread to the right side of your chest. Digestion issue: Indigestion, heartburn, or other digestive issue can cause discomfort and pain that spreads to the upper abdomen and sometimes the chest and esophagus. Recap: What Side Is Your Heart On? What side of the body is the heart on? The heart’s location is erroneously thought to be the left side of the chest, but your heart is actually located nearly in the center of your chest, behind your sternum and between your two lungs. Pain on the left side of the chest is often connected with heart problems because it usually the left side of the heart that causes pain when there is a health issue. Heart problems are a serious, and sometimes fatal, health issue, and if you’re ever concerned about chest pain you’re experiencing, contact your doctor or go to the hospital immediately. However, chest pain can be caused by many issues not related to the heart, such as an issue with your lungs, liver, or digestion. Don’t spend too much time trying to self-diagnose though. Whenever you have a health issue that worries you, make an appointment with your doctor so you can get an accurate diagnosis.

The Donahue Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Donahue Study - Research Paper Example These empowerment structures strengthen the individuals ability to accomplish things within an organization. This theory was originally meant to be applied to the business realm, but was applied in several studies to health care. Laschinger’s conceptual model is the theoretical framework applied to nursing which was based in Kanter’s theory serves as the theoretical framework for this study. The independent variable in the study is nurses empowerment and the dependent variable is patient satisfaction. These variables are both clearly defined. 5. The review of the literature is clear and relevant. The authors review Laschinger’s concept of empowerment as well as Chandler’s Conditions of Work Effectiveness Questionnaire, and explain how the relate to the current study and research methods. Both of these studies have a clear relation to the current study, and a logical explanation for this is given. 7. The sample size used is adequate, but is only taken from a single populations. The results may not be indicative of the general population, because the sample is from only one community. The results only include nurses who chose to respond to the questionnaire, so the method itself introduces bias. 8. Instruments- The instruments used were defined by the authors as follows: Nurse empowerment was measured using the Conditions of Work Effectiveness Questionnaire II (CWEQ-II). The CWEQ-II is a shortened version of the CWEQ, which wasadapted by Chandler in 1986 for use in nursing populations. The CWEQ-II consists of 19 items that measure the six components of empowerment described by Kanter (pg. 3). 9. Ethics- Rights of study participants were clearly addressed in the article. The study involved only minimal risk to participants. They did not involve procedures which require written consent, and approvals from the review board were

School Systems Helping Prevent Childhood Obesity Essay

School Systems Helping Prevent Childhood Obesity - Essay Example This essay "School Systems Helping Prevent Childhood Obesity" outlines the importance of the school and society participation in the fight against obesity among kids. The major contributing factor to obesity in children is lack of physical exercise and high caloric intake (CDC, 2014). It is common practice that after school children in many homes just watches television or play computer games. In school, the children do not get much play time as they have to cover the specified school curriculum within the specified period. This leaves out any time that children engage in physical activities. This leads to accumulation of calories from their diet leading to increased deposition of fat tissue and eventually, obesity sets in (CDC, 2013). Lack of exercise is aggravated from unsupervised diet. Children are more attracted to junk foods rather than healthy meals. Increased access to junk food results from decreased supervision or ignorant parent and guardians. The increased calories and la ck of exercise are predisposing factors to obesity. Obesity has many negative physical and mental effects and this threatens proper development of the children. Immediate health problem for children and adolescents who are obese include joint pain, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Joint pain result from the increased body weight compared to the surface area of the child. The excess weight due to excess body fat impacts extra weight on the joints increasing the pressure and thus, the pain (CDC, 2014).

Does the Internet Have a Negative Effect on Youth or Does Its Use Need to Be Monitored More Essay Example for Free

Does the Internet Have a Negative Effect on Youth or Does Its Use Need to Be Monitored More Essay Does the internet have a negative effect on youth or does its use need to be monitored more? The Internet has become a major part of everyday life for most Americans especially today’s youth but some say that internet has a negative effect on youth more than a positive one. The question is: are all of the effects of the internet negative? The internet is used by most youth for entertainment, to find information and to connect with people. Unfortunately while the internet can be useful it has been known to cause negative effects on children. Social networking sites are very popular among today’s youth. In recent years cyber bullying has become a trend among youth because of the internet. There are also cases that youth have been exposed to inappropriate websites while on the internet and it had a negative effect on them. The internet has been known to cause a negative effect on youth but it can be prevented if their internet use is monitored. Social networking websites that are popular on the internet Twitter, MySpace, face book and YouTube. It is said by some that youth spend more time on websites like these than studying and doing their homework. While most of the young people in the study got good grades, 47 percent of the heaviest media users, those who consumed at least 16 hours a day, had mostly C’s or lower, compared with 23 percent of those who typically consumed media three hours a day or less (New York Times). Some youth can spend all day on social networking sites. Often times social networking sites can also become a distraction to youth. Most youth would much rather get on face book or twitter than study or write a paper. Most of the time youth can begin writing a paper but end up spending hours on face book. Social networking sites also have been known to cause children to be kidnapped or raped. Because of the amount of information that can be put on these sites it is easy for them to be tracked. There have also been cases where youth have chatted someone under the impression that they were someone else. There have been several cases where children have been harmed because someone found them on social netwo rking site. This can only be prevented if youth internet is monitored. So it seems that social networking sites can only have a negative effect if the time they spend on social networks is not being monitored correctly. Cyber bullying is another negative effect from the internet. Cyber bullying is using the Internet to  send or post texts or images intended to hurt or embarrass another person. It has been said that forty-three percent of teens have been victimized by cyber-bullying in the last year (ncpc.org).Cyber-bullying is a result of youth being mad at another peer or just trying to have fun. Cyber-bullying has been said to cause depression and sometimes even suicide among youth. It has become a major problem among youth in recent years. A lot of the time cyber bullying takes place on sites like twitter, face book and sometimes even YouTube. There have been cases all over the news where youth have said that they became depressed because of cyber-bullying.Most youth who have participated in cyber bullying thought that it was funny and not realized that it would have a negative effect on the victim. There have been steps taken to try to prevent cyber-bullying but there are still some cases where it is still happening. Cyber-bullying can be prevented if t he internet use is being monitored. Almost eighty percent of teens said they did not have rules for the internet or that it was not monitored. While browsing the internet the youth can be exposed to a lot of inappropriate websites that most would agree they shouldn’t be exposed to. Twenty five percent of youth had unwanted exposure to sexual pictures on the internet in the past year, challenging the prevalent assumption that the problem is primarily about young people motivated to actively seek out pornography according to youth and society (Protectkids.com).One quarter of these youth were upset by being exposed to pornography. In other cases when youth are exposed to pornography they become interested and begin watching it regularly. According to one study, when youth under fourteen years of age are exposed to pornography it is related to greater involvement in deviant sexual practice, particularly rape (protectkids.com). It has also been said that because pornography encourages sexual expression without responsibility it endangers children’s health. If a child were to see porn he/she may think that is okay to have unprotected sex which could then lead to std’s and unplanned pregnancy( protectkids,com ). Although porn can and has had negative effects on children it has been said that porn does not always have negative effects on children. Some children are exposed and it has no effect at all. In the end it seems that it may depend on the child if it has a negative effect or not. It also seems that the only way that this can be prevented is if their internet use is monitored. There are strategies that  can be taken to do this (Council). It seems to be proven that the internet can in fact have a negative effect on youth. Social networking sites can cause youth grades to drop. Cyber-bullying mostly takes place on the internet and it cause youth to become depressed. Youth can be exposed to several inappropriate websites which can damage their future development. The internet can be a very useful tool for youth to have access to but it can also have a very negative impact on youth if it is not monitored correctly. To ensure that the internet does not harm our youth in negative way parents/guardians must monitor their children’s internet use.

Determining Overdeterminism: An Informal Reflection :: Mississippi Masala Economics Essays

Determining Overdeterminism: An Informal Reflection Economics has always been for me a system of curves. There are supply ones and demand ones and curves that would belly up or down. In every class, my high school Economics teacher, a man approaching his late fifties, would rail on about the wonders of capitalism. Being a two-time divorcee and therefore a man of the capitalistic world, he accredited the bulk of his knowledge through life experiences, particularly those involving divorce. I remember sitting through one of his classes and thinking that he resembled some type of new-born evangelist preaching to us about the awesome power of capital and what joy it can bring. I have always wondered, however, what the world of economics would be like without a system of charts that determine the outcome of lives. College started me off in finding other economic theories that contradicts what my high school teacher has ingrained in me for years: Neo-classic economics is unflawed and absolute. ECON 100 is my first introduction to Marxian ideals which I find I relate to more than Neo-classic theories. The idea of overdeterminism is one aspect of Marxian economics that I passionately agree with. From the experience of living, I've learned that every action is the reciprocal of all actions in the world. The world is connected and operates for the greater good contrary to what Neo-classic theories state. These relationships are always in flux so narrowing down the determinant of an economic process would be impossible. A splendid example of overdeterminism is depicted in Mississippi Masala. In the film, I see situations in Demetrius's life that parallel my own. What's interesting about Demetrius's character is that he internalizes a lot of conflicts within himself. For example, given the chance to go to college, he chooses to remain in Mississippi and take care of his father instead. Moreover, he takes on the role as head of the family and is counsel for his younger brother. The breakthrough in Demetrius's life was when he met Mina and fell in love with her. From there the course of Demetrius's life drastically verged because his relationship allowed him the time to reevaluate his life, and with Mina's added perspective, Demetrius was no longer afraid to start anew elsewhere. The events that led to the collapse of Demetrius's business are examples of overdeterminism. By spending the night with Mina and being discovered, Demetrius got arrested which stained his reputation as a credible businessman. Determining Overdeterminism: An Informal Reflection :: Mississippi Masala Economics Essays Determining Overdeterminism: An Informal Reflection Economics has always been for me a system of curves. There are supply ones and demand ones and curves that would belly up or down. In every class, my high school Economics teacher, a man approaching his late fifties, would rail on about the wonders of capitalism. Being a two-time divorcee and therefore a man of the capitalistic world, he accredited the bulk of his knowledge through life experiences, particularly those involving divorce. I remember sitting through one of his classes and thinking that he resembled some type of new-born evangelist preaching to us about the awesome power of capital and what joy it can bring. I have always wondered, however, what the world of economics would be like without a system of charts that determine the outcome of lives. College started me off in finding other economic theories that contradicts what my high school teacher has ingrained in me for years: Neo-classic economics is unflawed and absolute. ECON 100 is my first introduction to Marxian ideals which I find I relate to more than Neo-classic theories. The idea of overdeterminism is one aspect of Marxian economics that I passionately agree with. From the experience of living, I've learned that every action is the reciprocal of all actions in the world. The world is connected and operates for the greater good contrary to what Neo-classic theories state. These relationships are always in flux so narrowing down the determinant of an economic process would be impossible. A splendid example of overdeterminism is depicted in Mississippi Masala. In the film, I see situations in Demetrius's life that parallel my own. What's interesting about Demetrius's character is that he internalizes a lot of conflicts within himself. For example, given the chance to go to college, he chooses to remain in Mississippi and take care of his father instead. Moreover, he takes on the role as head of the family and is counsel for his younger brother. The breakthrough in Demetrius's life was when he met Mina and fell in love with her. From there the course of Demetrius's life drastically verged because his relationship allowed him the time to reevaluate his life, and with Mina's added perspective, Demetrius was no longer afraid to start anew elsewhere. The events that led to the collapse of Demetrius's business are examples of overdeterminism. By spending the night with Mina and being discovered, Demetrius got arrested which stained his reputation as a credible businessman.

Lenovo Case Analysis Essay

Competing at a global scale requires profound brand equity. Lenovo is a well-known brand in China (as Legend) but it cannot become a global technology giant like Dell or Hewlett-Packard, by merely acquiring the Personal Systems Division of IBM, whose products are popular across the world. Normally, the key challenge in establishing global brands lies in devising the manner in which a company can position its brands in customers’ mindsets, while taking into account global competition that comes from national and international suppliers (Wright, Millman & Martin, 2007, p. 139). Lenovo has to engage in intelligent marketing to attract consumers and make itself a force to reckon with in the global personal computer industry. According to the case study, the global PC industry is highly competitive with the leading performers being Dell, HP, Lenovo and its IBM acquisition, and Acer and Fujistu-Siemens among other corporations and vendors locked in tight competition (Quelch & Knoop, 2006, p. 2-3). Therefore, Lenovo has a daunting task to create brand equity to thrive at a global scale. The Key Issues The issue that Lenovo is principally dealing with is how it can effectively enter into the global market, where it is not only struggling against the competition, but is also dogged by an incredulous market. On the surface, the deal between Lenovo and IBM seems to give the former a platform for success due to the complementary nature of the operations of the two firms and because the deal facilitates the expansion of Lenovo’s operations from China and Asia to over 138 countries in the world, where IBM is established (Quelch & Knoop, 2006, p. 6). However, in a marketing research that the company conducts among 4,000 IBM customers, the concerns raised are that the innovation, quality, and service and support are going to be negatively impacted by the takeover of IBM brands by Lenovo (Quelch & Knoop, 2006, p. 9). The grievances held by the consumers are a major undoing to Lenovo’s attempts to create strong brand equity. The criticism shows that the customers harbor negative brand knowledge about Lenovo. Brand knowledge consists of brand awareness and brand image (Wright et al., 2007, p. 140).  Normally, brand knowledge determines the directions that the brand takes and, in turn, this influences the decision that marketers take in creating a brand promise, which entails informing the public about the positive essence of the brand and its purpose (Kotler, 2012, p. 115). The competition must be addressed seriously through a brand promise, with strong product dimensions. A brand’s dimensions differentiate an offering from other offerings that are aimed at satisfying the same need by either emphasizing on product performance by introducing functional, rational, or tangible differences or by emphasizing the symbolic, emotional, or intangible factors (Kotler, 2012, p. 114). Lenovo has the chance to utilize the brand equity creation process that emphasizes on the product performance in the phase of introducing itself into the global market, while intending to rely on the latter dimension in the long run. Brand equity is created by thoroughly satisfying the presence, relevance, performance, advantage, and bonding dimensions, in an increasing order of importance (Kotler, 2012, p. 116). Profound consumer loyalty is achieved after the firm attains a market share. Companies acquire a share of the heart and a share of the mind of customers by being authentic and genuine, aspects, which lead to higher, market share and profitability (Kotler, 2012, p. 135). As much as the chief marketing officer of Lenovo states that branding is a business issue rather than a marketing issue, the brand is a matter of the perception created by product’s substance and marketers’ efforts. Alternative Courses of Action The courses of action that can be taken by Lenovo include establishing a master brand, a house of brands, synergy approach, or the strategy referred commonly as Lexus/Toyota. First, the master brand strategy can be useful for creating a brand equity for Lenovo on a worldwide scale, but there are fears that the ThinkPad influence may be lost if this strategy is adopted. Second, the house of brands approach can enable the firm to establish many brands at once, but it is expensive to market the different brands. Third, the synergy approach will let the company have Lenovo as a master brand, while the ThinkPad shall be regarded as a superior sub-brand. Fourth, under the Toyota/Lexus strategy, a premium line of ThinkPad brands are established alongside basic Lenovo brands (Quelch & Knoop, 2006, p. 9). Evaluation of  the Alternative Courses of Action The course of action that the company should choose has to address the global market conditions, while also upholding Lenovo’s desire to compete internationally. To gauge the conditions in this market environment, the company engages in extensive marketing research. The research comes in handy in helping the company to make well-informed decisions, to understand the marketplace, and most importantly, to learn about customer satisfaction and the value of goods on offer. In addition, the advantages of the primary data collected are that the respondents pinpoint their challenges concerning the use of personal computers in business, give voice to current concerns, and enable the firm to gauge the needs in different nations. The master brand option is challenging to Lenovo since the market regards it as untrustworthy. The high level of dishonesty with which Chinese firms are regarded in the rest of the world is a major detractor to the success of this strategy (Quelch & Knoop, 2006, p. 8). If this approach is chosen, building favorable brand knowledge would not be an easy thing for Lenovo, in spite of having the reputable ThinkPad brand at its disposal. The ThinkPad acquisition doubtlessly makes Lenovo have a comparative advantage in the global scope. The ThinkPad has already won a lot of accolades for design and engineering innovations since it was introduced in 1992, with some of its superior qualities being power, portability, and wireless networking (Quelch & Knoop, 2006, p. 6). The marketers in Lenovo must therefore create positive brand knowledge if they choose this option. Failure to achieve this means that even the premium ThinkPad brand shall be thought of as an inferior product by consumers. The house of brands option would make the company incur a lot of expenses in the marketing function, without necessarily achieving the desirable sales of any of the brands. The company’s CMO concedes that this strategy cannot succeed since the company had limited resources at the time (Quelch & Knoop, 2006, p. 9). House-of-brands has brands that are independent, which are somewhat endorsed by the organizational brand (Rajagopal & Sanchez, 2004, p. 238). However, the reputation of the Lenovo as an organization in the international market is not favorable at this juncture hence it cannot promote brands effectively. The synergy approach, which entails a master brand getting recognition  partially due to a superior sub-brand, would require investments to jointly build the Lenovo and the ThinkPad brands (Quelch & Knoop, 2006, p. 9). The ThinkPad sub-brand would be expected to be a co-driver in the success of Lenovo. The shortcoming of this approach is that the association might taint the image of the prestigious brand if the brands do not have comparable qualities (Aaker & Joachimsthaler, 2000, p. 15). Clearly, ruining of the ThinkPad brand will certainly end up undoing the entry of Lenovo into the global market. The Toyota/Lexus strategy will force Lenovo to establish luxury and mass market brands separately. This strategy will entail implementation of dissociated brands, with each expected to perform well within its segment. However, under the global environment into which the firm is entering, creation of a mass product is not feasible. The use of PCs has become ubiquitous and consumers are looking for enhanced innovation, better quality and reliability, tighter security, and better design (Quelch & Knoop, 2006, p. 10). To offer customers the desired product, the firm was supposed to invest in enhancing computer products, rather than producing low quality cheap products. As a result, this strategy can make the company lose its core business. After considering all the branding strategy options, Lenovo managers should appropriately consider the category membership under competitive frame of reference. Category membership refers to the products with which a brand competes and which are close substitutes to it (Kotler, 2012, p. 130). The managers should to establish points of differences that would make the company have a competitive edge. At the present, Lenovo pursues a legacy of customer focus, innovation, and dependability (Quelch & Knoop, 2006, p. 7). These aspects have a potential of making make the products it offers distinctive and superior in comparison to competitors in the global market. The focus of the company should be on long-term holistic performance of its products. A well established brand value drives brand loyalty among customers, making the company to enjoy security of demand, making it hard for new competitors to enter the market, and making the customers willing to pay a higher prices for the offering (Kotler, 2012, p. 114). The Best Course of Action According to the facts presented in the case, the adoption of Lenovo as a master brand is the best course of action. Though this alternative is risky,  it is worthy because of the ultimate good image it would create for all the brands on offer at a global scale. Making Lenovo a master brand helps to make the core products of the company to the entire world. Master or family branding is where a family brand is associated with several brand extensions. The use of the company’s brand name across the entire products’ range lowers development costs and boosts sales if the corporate image is associated with innovativeness, expertise, and reliability, which are factors that influence consumer evaluations directly (Kotler, 2012, p. 123). The company actually chooses to use this strategy with great level of ingenuity. The first global advertising campaign is signed off with â€Å"ThinkPad,† the second campaign emphasizes that Lenovo is doing better than IBM by improving the ThinkPad, while the third campaign stresses that the Lenovo master brand represents innovation (Quelch & Knoop, 2006, p. 10). Introduction of brand extension is facilitated under the master brand. New products that are introduced as brand extensions often succeed because the customers’ expectations of the new product are based on their knowledge about the parent brand and how relevant they find the information (Kotler, 2012, p. 123). Any product sold under an umbrella of a brand name develops an identity out of the customers’ perceptions of the product, the marketing activity, word-of-mouth marketing, and the individual psychological set of customers (Wright, et al., 2007, p. 140). In effect, corporate brand endorsement in the international markets reassures consumers and is an integrating force, which unifies different brand identities on a global scale (Rajagopal & Sanchez, 2004, 246). Assurance that consumers benefit from the product is vital for successful marketing. Moreover, brand equity is leveraged in a new context if the master brand makes the product more appealing to customers and its positive associations are relevant and appropriate (Aaker & Joachimsthaler, 2000, p. 18). With the master brand strategy in place, continuous success of the Lenovo brand and its extensions is guaranteed. References Aaker, D. A. & Joachimsthaler, E. (2000). The brand relationship spectrum: The key to the brand architecture challenge. California Management Review, 42(4), 8-23. Kotler, Philip. (2012). A Framework for Marketing Management, P. Kotler and K. L. Keller (Ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson education Inc. Quelch, J. & Knoop, C. (2006). Lenovo: Building a global brand. Harvard Business School. Rajagopal & Sanchez, R. (2004). Conceptual analysis of brand architecture and relationships within product categories. Brand Management, 11(3), 233–247. Wright, L. T. Millman, C. & Martin, L. M. (2007). Research issues in building brand equity and global brands in the pc market. Journal of Marketing Management, 23(1-2), 137-155.

Paragraph Writing Essay

When writing an assignment for my class, I would use what I learned from class. In other words, I will take the tips and strategies that I have learned from the reading and videos in class as the steps to take when writing an assignment. The first step I take when writing for an assignment is to find a topic that interests me. After finding a topic, I will research my topic to get a better understanding of what I am writing. Then I will start my Pre-writing, by organizing my thoughts in an outline form, to help identify my topic sentence, important facts, ideas and a conclusion for my essay. When I have my outline complete, I can start a rough draft from my thoughts and ideas I used to create my outline. With this step, I can construct my rough draft to form an essay that is informative and interesting to my readers. From there, I will begin revising my rough draft. I will do this by going back over my draft to find to see if my ideas supports my thesis statement and that my paper makes sense. The last step in my writing process is editing. Editing gives me the opportunity to look over what I have written, re-read, and I check for spelling and grammar issues. Taking the above steps in writing helps me to finish my final draft and help improve my academic and professional writing in the future.

English Coursework

English Coursework English Coursework English Coursework Writing literature coursework or any other English coursework in any fashion that occurs to a writer may later make him do time-consuming revisions. Before doing any coursework writing, therefore, you should carefully study not only the coursework format but also the style manual recommended by your professor, college or institution. If a coursework writer is specifically granted the right to select a style, he can find several manuals available to serve as guides. After adopting a style, he must adhere to it throughout the college coursework writing, for switching from one acceptable style to another is not permissible. Mastering the methods of academic coursework research is important, for an outstanding scientific investigation is of little value if the findings are not effectively communicated to others. Accomplishing this feat is somewhat different from writing a nontechnical composition. A coursework writer does not try to entertain, amuse, or persuade the reader, nor does he merely discuss his opinions concerning a problem or suggest solutions and argue on the basis of general observations. Rather, college coursework writer presents a hypothesis, explains the procedures employed to test it, cites the factual data collected, and announces whether they confirm or disconfirm the hypothesis. A clear, objective, logical presentation and analysis of the evidence rather than an emotionalized argument or diverting descriptions are required in academic coursework writing: Since an academic coursework is not ordinarily read by laymen but by well-informed individuals with more than a passing interest in the topic, it is critically and systematically scrutinized. Coursework reviewers will be skeptical of any assertions unless demonstrated evidence is presented; they may challenge the writer's reasoning processes, the interpretation placed upon the data, the accuracy of the footnotes, or they may even repeat the experiment to check the results. Hence, a research coursework must be able to stand the test of critical tutor supplied by other academic coursework writing. Custom Coursework If you need coursework help, you have an opportunity to request assistance at our site. We have 24/7 support to answer any question you have about our writers and services. We are working hard to meet the requirements of all clients asking of English coursework writing help. Even if you have already started working on your English coursework but do not know how to finish it, contact us and we will help you. All papers are delivered prior to deadline to allow sufficient time for revision. is a professional and absolutely legal site. Read also: Free Research Papers APA Style Research Paper Writing a Reaction Paper Valentine's Day Essay Sociology Paper

Standard and Normal Excel Distribution Calculations

Standard and Normal Excel Distribution Calculations Nearly any statistical software package can be used for calculations concerning a normal distribution, more commonly known as a bell curve.  Excel is equipped with a multitude of statistical tables and formulas, and it is quite straightforward to use one of its functions for a normal distribution.  We will see how to use the NORM.DIST and the NORM.S.DIST functions in Excel. Normal Distributions There is an infinite number of normal distributions. A normal distribution is defined by a particular function in which two values have been determined: the mean and the standard deviation. The mean is any real number that indicates the center of the distribution. The standard deviation is a positive real number that is a measurement of how spread out the distribution is. Once we know the values of the mean and standard deviation, the particular normal distribution that we are using has been completely determined. The standard normal distribution is one special distribution out of the infinite number of normal distributions. The standard normal distribution has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Any normal distribution can be standardized to the standard normal distribution by a simple formula. This is why, typically, the only normal distribution with tabled values is that of the standard normal distribution. This type of table is sometimes referred to as a table of z-scores. NORM.S.DIST The first Excel function that we will examine is the NORM.S.DIST function. This function returns the standard normal distribution. There are two arguments required for the function: â€Å"z† and â€Å"cumulative.† The first argument of z is the number of standard deviations away from the mean. So,  z -1.5 is one and a half standard deviations below the mean. The z-score of z 2 is two standard deviations above the mean. The second argument is that of â€Å"cumulative.† There are two possible values that can be entered here: 0 for the value of the probability density function and 1 for the value of the cumulative distribution function. To determine the area under the curve, we will want to enter a 1 here. Example To help to understand how this function works, we will look at an example. If we click on a cell and enter NORM.S.DIST(.25, 1), after hitting enter the cell will contain the value 0.5987, which has been rounded to four decimal places. What does this mean? There are two interpretations. The first is that the area under the curve for z less than or equal to 0.25 is 0.5987. The second interpretation is that 59.87 percent of the area under the curve for the standard normal distribution occurs when z is less than or equal to 0.25. NORM.DIST The second Excel function that we will look at is the NORM.DIST function. This function returns the normal distribution for a specified mean and standard deviation. There are four arguments required for the function: â€Å"x,† â€Å"mean,† â€Å"standard deviation,† and â€Å"cumulative.† The first argument of x is the observed value of our distribution. The mean and standard deviation are self-explanatory. The last argument of â€Å"cumulative† is identical to that of the NORM.S.DIST function. Example To help to understand how this function works, we will look at an example. If we click on a cell and enter NORM.DIST(9, 6, 12, 1), after hitting enter the cell will contain the value 0.5987, which has been rounded to four decimal places. What does this mean? The values of the arguments tell us that we are working with the normal distribution that has a mean of 6 and a standard deviation of 12. We are trying to determine what percentage of the distribution occurs for x less than or equal to 9. Equivalently, we want the area under the curve of this particular normal distribution and to the left of the vertical line x 9. NORM.S.DIST vs NORM.DIST There are a couple of things to note in the above calculations. We see that the result for each of these calculations was identical. This is because 9 is 0.25 standard deviations above the mean of 6. We could have first converted x 9 into a z-score of 0.25, but the software does this for us. The other thing to note is that we really don’t need both of these formulas. NORM.S.DIST is a special case of NORM.DIST. If we let the mean equal 0 and the standard deviation equal 1, then the calculations for NORM.DIST match those of NORM.S.DIST. For example, NORM.DIST(2, 0, 1, 1) NORM.S.DIST(2, 1).

Sales management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Sales management - Essay Example The other facilities that can be developed through internet are maintenance of absolute customer contact profiles, examination of sales prospects and processes that are required for fulfilling the entire orders (SAP 2007). The internet has drastically altered the traditional supply chain that allows an organisation to connect with the employees, suppliers as well as customers within a communication network. CRM is assisted by the internet application as it helps to gather as well as store and access data in addition to share the information and feedback from customers to companies (Instructor Manual 2011). However, as the entire information of customer is stored via web, therefore it becomes easy to contact with the people locating in remote areas for sales activities, contacts and orders. The functionality of CRM related to web-based technology assists the customers and the business partners to be updated with vital information of business. The marketer by means of regular mail may advertise special promotions such as discount offer codes and coupons. The mail of the customers also remains updated with new products and/or services. The entire purposes of marketing through the information technology system are a great advantage for marketer to manage liaison with customers (SAP 2007). On the other side, also there are a few disadvantages in generating customer relationship management through internet. Small business in order to maintain their online promotional security and to reduce the vulnerability utilises huge finance. The other challenge that is faced by the business personnel for the internet based marketing is that there is less personal contact with the customers. The contact may occur when there is chance of sales but after this period the whole contact gets stopped (Lendor 2011). The information in internet marketing quickly gets outdated; as a result, regular updates are essential. The end-customers might not easily access the customers’ serv ice and fail to receive immediate responses. As a result customers consider such types of marketing technique as a poor one. Due to poor navigation in several websites customers fail to receive the appropriate information they need. The inaccurate stereotypes in internet marketing may act as barrier for online purchase by customers because they are fearful of using credit cards. Moreover, there are ample of links where the need products of customers are available. The competitors may search and find the products in the competitors’ sites and as a result the advertisement remains unused. These are the factors which may develop negative impression in the mind of customers regarding the internet marketing, which ultimately points to development of poor customer relationship management. Thus, marketers require being much careful about the online advertising of the products (Vi Advocacy 2011). 2.0 Transaction Focused Traditional Selling and Trust Based Relationship Selling The tra ditional way of selling has become outdated as it fails to maintain its competitiveness in the market. The traditional methods are not focused towards satisfaction of buyers

Module 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Module 7 - Essay Example In Japan, it was the samurai class which embraced Zen most fully. The samurai comprised the warrior class that served the emperors and members of the landed aristocracy; the word samurai translates to ‘men who serve’ and their code of conduct is contained in the Bushido (where bushi means ‘warriors’). Zen particularly appealed to the Samurai because of its emphasis on simplicity of lifestyle and spiritual and physical discipline. Meditation and a study of insoluble problems became the means of cleansing an individual of earthly desires, and focusing on nothingness to discover the ‘inner truth’ (Smitha, 2011). It is this ability to concentrate on the present moment to the exclusion of all else that enabled the Samurai to live, fight and die without fear, hesitation or regret. The Samurai could detach their mind from everything, move with perfect freedom, and reflect their opponent’s mind. They are not distracted by the prospect of the chan ging tide of combat, of doubt or fear; they can concentrate completely on the task of the moment, to kill and be killed. The Samurai also believed in karma and rebirth, which makes this life but a stepping stone for them to the next life. This makes the Samurai utterly fearless. References: Marinchek, J.A. 2009 ‘How Zen Made the Samurai Fearless.’ Suite 101. Retrieved 2 October 2012 from http://suite101.com/article/how-zen-made-the-samurai-fearless-a159718 Smitha, F.E. (2011) ‘Samurai, Bushido, Zen, other Sects and Spiritual Public Baths.’ Macrohistory and World Report. Retrieved 2 October 2012 from http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/rel-japan02.htm The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2012 ‘Zen Buddhism’ Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2 October 2012 from http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/zen/hd_zen.htm Video Review ‘The Zen Mind’ ‘Pictures of the Floating World’ < http://it.spcollege.edu/flashapplications/accessibleYou TubePlayer/index.htm?swfWidth=480&swfHeight=358&videoWidth=480&videoHeight=270&srtFile=http://it.spcollege.edu/srt/HUM2270_KevinMorgan/HUM2270_Mod7_JapArtAft1300_FloatWorld.srt&youtubeURL=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sixSBDp5VoU I took two cyber journeys which presented very different concepts which nevertheless were very much related. The first video, ‘The Zen Mind’ has music and a few verbal explanations, but these and the images are sufficient to convey the meaning of what it is to practice Zen Buddhism. The video exemplified the stark simplicity and extreme detachment of the lives of Zen monks from the busy everyday life. There was a brief flash of images of the Japanese urban dwellers making their way through a crowded train station. Then there is a quick return to the equanimity of the images of the Zen monks. It depicts a philosophy summarized in the last statement of the video, â€Å"You see your own true nature, and it is the nature of the universe.† T he second video, ‘Pictures of the Floating World,’ exhibits a way of life that is anything but detached from the world, but rather it celebrates the sensual, temporal, even commercial aspects of the lifestyle in the thick of society. The artistic style portraying this viewpoint is called Ukiyo-e , ‘The Floating World’; it depicted the lifestyle of the newly evolving class,

Restructuring in business portfolio or its financing Essay

Restructuring in business portfolio or its financing - Essay Example This company has more than 70 establishments in more than 150 countries worldwide. (gsk.com, 2009) The restructuring of the company’s portfolio or capital structure can be attributed to the strategic priorities it seeks to undertake. As of 2008, the CEO of this company, Andrew Witty, stated that the GlaxoSmithKline Company had three main strategic priorities. The aim of these was to achieve sturdy growth rates, reduce the level of risk as well as improve the performance (financially) in the long-term operations of the business. According to the CEO, the industry of pharmaceuticals is set to encounter big challenges since there will be an unpredicted number that will lose their patent protection. This, thus, will call for the company to work even harder to fulfill the client demand for brand new types of medicines and those which are better to use. As he states it, the loss of patenting will lead to a number of payers wanting an apt cost-effective kind of healthcare. This pharmaceutical company is therefore setting out to improve the consumers and patients’ lives, which is in line with the shareholders’ requirements. He did not go without noting that the industry is faced with a lot of risk and a lower rate of growth to counter the same. Therefore, the companies in context need to seek greater levels of return from their R&D investments. Unique to the expansion of the GlaxoSmithKline Company is its balanced healthcare business-group as well as an overall lesser profile of risks. The aim is, thus, to ensure a better level of discipline in the provision of capital components across the various areas of the company’s businesses. This company has a future goal of generating sales revenue growth by way of supplementing strength focused on the main small-molecule business of pharmaceuticals. This will also be through new investments in the vaccines area, which is considered to be fast growing, and also the

Uses of a Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Uses of a Virtual Private Network (VPN) A virtual private network (VPN) is a point to point connection that connects a user to a private network in a different location. Basically, VPNs are used to set up a secure connection to the internet. A VPN works by creating a point to point connection from a public wifi connection to a private wifi connection in a business or company building as if you are directly connected to the network. Since the normally accepted definition for a network is fairly common and usually accepted throughout the trade. A network consists of any variety of devices which may communicate through some arbitrary technique. Devices of this nature include computers, printers, and routers will reside in geographically numerous locations. The strategies during which they will communicate are varied, since there are infinite electronic communication specifications, data-link, transport, and application layer protocols. For the needs of simplicity, lets simply agree that a network is a assortment of devices which will communicate in some fashion, and will, with success, transmit and receive information amongst themselves. The term private is fairly easy, which is, in an elaborate way, associated with the idea of virtualization to that degree as VPNs are involved, as well discuss later. Within the simplest of definitions, private implies that communications between 2 (or more) devices is, in some fashion, secret that the devices which arent involved with the connection wont be aware of the information being communicated, and that theyre so fully unaware of the non-public relationship altogether. consequently, information privacy and security (data integrity) are vital aspects of a VPN which require to be taken into thought once considering any specific VPN implementation. Another way of expressing this definition of private through the opposite word, public. A facility that is a public one that is overtly accessible, and is managed inside the terms and constraints of a typical public resource, typically via a public administrative entity. In contrast, a private facility is one wherever access is restricted to an outlined set of entities, and third parties cannot gain access. Typically, the non-public resource is managed by the entities who have privilege of access. Samples of this kind of non-public network can often be found in any organizational network that isnt connected to the web, or to any other external structure network, for that matter. These networks are non-public as a result of the very fact that theres no external property, and therefore no external network communications. The distinct nature of VPNs enable both privacy and virtualization, whereas VPNs arent fully separate, per se, the difference is that they operate in a very discrete fashion across a shared infrastructure, providing exclusive communications environments that dont share any points of interconnection. It should also be noted that while VPNs could also be created to handle any variety of specific business desires or technical necessities, a comprehensive VPN solution provides support for dial-in access, multiple remote sites connected by hired lines (or alternative dedicated means), the ability of the VPN service supplier to host numerous services for the VPN customers (e.g., net hosting), and also the ability to support non connected VPN , however in addition inter-VPN connectivity, as well as connectivity to the worldwide internet. There are nu merous motivations for building VPNs, however a standard thread in each is that all of them share the necessity to virtualize some portion of an organizations communications in alternative words, create some portion (or perhaps all) of the communications basically invisible to external observers, whereas taking advantage of the efficiencies of a typical communications infrastructure. The base motivation for VPNs lies within the economics of communications. Communications systems nowadays usually exhibit the characteristic of a high fixed-cost part, and smaller variable value parts which vary with the transport capability, or bandwidth, of the system. Inside this economic atmosphere, its typically financially enticing to bundle variety of distinct communications services onto a standard high capability communications platform, permitting the high fixed-cost components related to the platform to be amortized over a bigger range of clients. Consequently, an assortment a set of virtual networks included on one common physical communications plant is cheaper to work than the equivalent collection of smaller physically separate communications plants, each servicing one network consumer. Historically, among the precursors to the VPN was the Public Data Network (PDN), and therefore the current acquainted instance of the PDN is that the world web. The internet creates a p resent connective paradigm, wherever the network permits any connected network entity to exchange information with another connected entity. The parallels with the world Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) are that, of course, all too obvious wherever an identical paradigm of present public access is the strong trait of the network. The public data network has no policy of information traffic segregation, and any modification to the current network policy of allowing present connectivity is that the responsibility of the connecting entity to outline and enforce. The network atmosphere is built employing a single addressing scheme and a standard routing hierarchy, that permits the changing components of the network to figure out the placement of all connected entities. All of those connected entities additionally share access to a standard infrastructure of circuits. The alternative to implement the net as a VPN nowadays is to lease circuits, or similar dedicated communications services, from the general public network operators (the local telephone company in most cases), and make a totally non-public network. its a layering convention that permits US to label this as completely non-public, as these dedicated communications services are (at the lower layers of the protocol stack) again, instances of virtual non-public communications systems created atop a typical transmission bearer system. Of course, this is often not without precedent, and it should be noted that the bulk of the early efforts in information networking, and many of the present information networking architectures, dont assume a deployment model of present public access. The alternative to using the web as a VPN nowadays is to lease circuits, or similar dedicated communications services, from public network operators (the local telephone service in most cases), and build a total ly non-public network. its a layering convention that permits United States of America to label this as completely non-public, as these dedicated communications services are (at the lower layers of the protocol stack) once more instances of virtual non-public communications systems created atop a standard transmission bearer system. Of course, this is often not while not precedent, and it should be noted that the bulk of the first efforts in information networking, and a variety of the present information networking architectures, dont assume a preparation model of present public access. However, this alternative will have an associated value, in that the consumer now must manage the network and all its associated components, invest capital in network change infrastructure, hire trained workers, and assume complete responsibility for the provisioning and on-going maintenance of the network service. Such a passionate use of transport services, equipment, and staff is commonly difficult to justify for several small-to-medium sized organizations, and whereas the practicality of a non-public network system is needed, the expressed need is to scale back the price of the service through the utilization of shared transport services, equipment, and management. There are variety of situations which may address this need, ranging from outsourcing the management of the changing components of the network (managed network services) to outsourcing the capital equipment elements (leased network services), to the outsourcing of the management, equipment, and transport components to a service supplier altogether. This is, in fact, the foremost common form of VPN within which there are geographically various subnetworks which belong to a standard administrative domain, interconnected by a shared infrastructure outside of their body management (such as the world wide web or a single service suppl ier backbone). The principle motivation for establishing a VPN of this kind is that maybe the bulk of communications between devices among the VPN community could also be sensitive in nature (again, a choice on the extent of privacy needed rests exclusively on a risk analysis performed by the directors of the VPN), nevertheless the full worth of the communications system doesnt justify the investment during a absolutely non-public communications system that uses distinct transmission components. On a related note, the extent of privacy a VPN could relish depends greatly on the technology used to construct the VPN. as an example, if the communications between every VPN subnetwork (or between every VPN host) is securely encrypted because it transits the common communications infrastructure, then it can be said that the privacy aspect of the VPN is comparatively high. In fact, the granularity of a VPN implementation will be de-escalated further to one end-to-end, one-to-one connectivity situation. samples of these kinds of one-to-one VPNs are single dial-up users establishing a VPN association to a secure application, like an internet banking service, or one user establishing a secure, encrypted session between a desktop and server application, like a purchasing transaction conducted on the internet. This is often a kind of one-to-one VPN is changing into more and more prevailing as secure electronic commerce applications become a lot more mature and further deployed on the net . So what is a Virtual Private Network? As weve mentioned, a VPN can take many forms. A VPN area unit typically between two end-systems, or it should be between two or additional networks. A VPN is also built with tunnels or encoding (at primarily any layer of the protocol stack), or both, or instead created with MPLS or one in every of the virtual router ways. A VPN can contain networks connected to a service providers network by hired lines, Frame Relays, or ATM, or a VPN can embrace dial-up subscribers connecting to centralized services, or different dial-up subscribers. The pertinent conclusion here is that whereas a VPN can take many forms, there are some basic common problems that a VPN is built to unravel, whereas at the same time exploiting the monetary probability of economics of the scale of the underlying common host communications system. In general, the technique of supporting personal communities of interest just by route filtering will at the best be delineated as a primitive technique of VPN construction, that is vulnerable to body errors, associate degreed admits an undue level of insecurity and network inflexibility. Even with comprehensive traffic an d route filtering, the ensuing atmosphere isnt completely robust. The operational overhead needed to support complementary sets of ancient routing and traffic filters could be a relevant thought, and this approach doesnt seem to possess the scaling properties to permit the quantity of VPNs to grow farther than the bounds of various connections, using todays routing technologies. Having said that, however, a far additional scaleable approach is to use BGP communities as a technique to regulate route propagation. the utilization of BGP communities scales far better than different strategies to that extent as dominant route propagation and is a smaller amount vulnerable to human misconfiguration. As you can see I have explained what a VPN is, how it works, and why we use it for a variety of things such as everyday use and for more business type situations.