Module 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Module 7 - Essay Example In Japan, it was the samurai class which embraced Zen most fully. The samurai comprised the warrior class that served the emperors and members of the landed aristocracy; the word samurai translates to ‘men who serve’ and their code of conduct is contained in the Bushido (where bushi means ‘warriors’). Zen particularly appealed to the Samurai because of its emphasis on simplicity of lifestyle and spiritual and physical discipline. Meditation and a study of insoluble problems became the means of cleansing an individual of earthly desires, and focusing on nothingness to discover the ‘inner truth’ (Smitha, 2011). It is this ability to concentrate on the present moment to the exclusion of all else that enabled the Samurai to live, fight and die without fear, hesitation or regret. The Samurai could detach their mind from everything, move with perfect freedom, and reflect their opponent’s mind. They are not distracted by the prospect of the chan ging tide of combat, of doubt or fear; they can concentrate completely on the task of the moment, to kill and be killed. The Samurai also believed in karma and rebirth, which makes this life but a stepping stone for them to the next life. This makes the Samurai utterly fearless. References: Marinchek, J.A. 2009 ‘How Zen Made the Samurai Fearless.’ Suite 101. Retrieved 2 October 2012 from http://suite101.com/article/how-zen-made-the-samurai-fearless-a159718 Smitha, F.E. (2011) ‘Samurai, Bushido, Zen, other Sects and Spiritual Public Baths.’ Macrohistory and World Report. Retrieved 2 October 2012 from http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/rel-japan02.htm The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2012 ‘Zen Buddhism’ Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2 October 2012 from http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/zen/hd_zen.htm Video Review ‘The Zen Mind’ ‘Pictures of the Floating World’ < http://it.spcollege.edu/flashapplications/accessibleYou TubePlayer/index.htm?swfWidth=480&swfHeight=358&videoWidth=480&videoHeight=270&srtFile=http://it.spcollege.edu/srt/HUM2270_KevinMorgan/HUM2270_Mod7_JapArtAft1300_FloatWorld.srt&youtubeURL=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sixSBDp5VoU I took two cyber journeys which presented very different concepts which nevertheless were very much related. The first video, ‘The Zen Mind’ has music and a few verbal explanations, but these and the images are sufficient to convey the meaning of what it is to practice Zen Buddhism. The video exemplified the stark simplicity and extreme detachment of the lives of Zen monks from the busy everyday life. There was a brief flash of images of the Japanese urban dwellers making their way through a crowded train station. Then there is a quick return to the equanimity of the images of the Zen monks. It depicts a philosophy summarized in the last statement of the video, â€Å"You see your own true nature, and it is the nature of the universe.† T he second video, ‘Pictures of the Floating World,’ exhibits a way of life that is anything but detached from the world, but rather it celebrates the sensual, temporal, even commercial aspects of the lifestyle in the thick of society. The artistic style portraying this viewpoint is called Ukiyo-e , ‘The Floating World’; it depicted the lifestyle of the newly evolving class,

Restructuring in business portfolio or its financing Essay

Restructuring in business portfolio or its financing - Essay Example This company has more than 70 establishments in more than 150 countries worldwide. (gsk.com, 2009) The restructuring of the company’s portfolio or capital structure can be attributed to the strategic priorities it seeks to undertake. As of 2008, the CEO of this company, Andrew Witty, stated that the GlaxoSmithKline Company had three main strategic priorities. The aim of these was to achieve sturdy growth rates, reduce the level of risk as well as improve the performance (financially) in the long-term operations of the business. According to the CEO, the industry of pharmaceuticals is set to encounter big challenges since there will be an unpredicted number that will lose their patent protection. This, thus, will call for the company to work even harder to fulfill the client demand for brand new types of medicines and those which are better to use. As he states it, the loss of patenting will lead to a number of payers wanting an apt cost-effective kind of healthcare. This pharmaceutical company is therefore setting out to improve the consumers and patients’ lives, which is in line with the shareholders’ requirements. He did not go without noting that the industry is faced with a lot of risk and a lower rate of growth to counter the same. Therefore, the companies in context need to seek greater levels of return from their R&D investments. Unique to the expansion of the GlaxoSmithKline Company is its balanced healthcare business-group as well as an overall lesser profile of risks. The aim is, thus, to ensure a better level of discipline in the provision of capital components across the various areas of the company’s businesses. This company has a future goal of generating sales revenue growth by way of supplementing strength focused on the main small-molecule business of pharmaceuticals. This will also be through new investments in the vaccines area, which is considered to be fast growing, and also the

Uses of a Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Uses of a Virtual Private Network (VPN) A virtual private network (VPN) is a point to point connection that connects a user to a private network in a different location. Basically, VPNs are used to set up a secure connection to the internet. A VPN works by creating a point to point connection from a public wifi connection to a private wifi connection in a business or company building as if you are directly connected to the network. Since the normally accepted definition for a network is fairly common and usually accepted throughout the trade. A network consists of any variety of devices which may communicate through some arbitrary technique. Devices of this nature include computers, printers, and routers will reside in geographically numerous locations. The strategies during which they will communicate are varied, since there are infinite electronic communication specifications, data-link, transport, and application layer protocols. For the needs of simplicity, lets simply agree that a network is a assortment of devices which will communicate in some fashion, and will, with success, transmit and receive information amongst themselves. The term private is fairly easy, which is, in an elaborate way, associated with the idea of virtualization to that degree as VPNs are involved, as well discuss later. Within the simplest of definitions, private implies that communications between 2 (or more) devices is, in some fashion, secret that the devices which arent involved with the connection wont be aware of the information being communicated, and that theyre so fully unaware of the non-public relationship altogether. consequently, information privacy and security (data integrity) are vital aspects of a VPN which require to be taken into thought once considering any specific VPN implementation. Another way of expressing this definition of private through the opposite word, public. A facility that is a public one that is overtly accessible, and is managed inside the terms and constraints of a typical public resource, typically via a public administrative entity. In contrast, a private facility is one wherever access is restricted to an outlined set of entities, and third parties cannot gain access. Typically, the non-public resource is managed by the entities who have privilege of access. Samples of this kind of non-public network can often be found in any organizational network that isnt connected to the web, or to any other external structure network, for that matter. These networks are non-public as a result of the very fact that theres no external property, and therefore no external network communications. The distinct nature of VPNs enable both privacy and virtualization, whereas VPNs arent fully separate, per se, the difference is that they operate in a very discrete fashion across a shared infrastructure, providing exclusive communications environments that dont share any points of interconnection. It should also be noted that while VPNs could also be created to handle any variety of specific business desires or technical necessities, a comprehensive VPN solution provides support for dial-in access, multiple remote sites connected by hired lines (or alternative dedicated means), the ability of the VPN service supplier to host numerous services for the VPN customers (e.g., net hosting), and also the ability to support non connected VPN , however in addition inter-VPN connectivity, as well as connectivity to the worldwide internet. There are nu merous motivations for building VPNs, however a standard thread in each is that all of them share the necessity to virtualize some portion of an organizations communications in alternative words, create some portion (or perhaps all) of the communications basically invisible to external observers, whereas taking advantage of the efficiencies of a typical communications infrastructure. The base motivation for VPNs lies within the economics of communications. Communications systems nowadays usually exhibit the characteristic of a high fixed-cost part, and smaller variable value parts which vary with the transport capability, or bandwidth, of the system. Inside this economic atmosphere, its typically financially enticing to bundle variety of distinct communications services onto a standard high capability communications platform, permitting the high fixed-cost components related to the platform to be amortized over a bigger range of clients. Consequently, an assortment a set of virtual networks included on one common physical communications plant is cheaper to work than the equivalent collection of smaller physically separate communications plants, each servicing one network consumer. Historically, among the precursors to the VPN was the Public Data Network (PDN), and therefore the current acquainted instance of the PDN is that the world web. The internet creates a p resent connective paradigm, wherever the network permits any connected network entity to exchange information with another connected entity. The parallels with the world Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) are that, of course, all too obvious wherever an identical paradigm of present public access is the strong trait of the network. The public data network has no policy of information traffic segregation, and any modification to the current network policy of allowing present connectivity is that the responsibility of the connecting entity to outline and enforce. The network atmosphere is built employing a single addressing scheme and a standard routing hierarchy, that permits the changing components of the network to figure out the placement of all connected entities. All of those connected entities additionally share access to a standard infrastructure of circuits. The alternative to implement the net as a VPN nowadays is to lease circuits, or similar dedicated communications services, from the general public network operators (the local telephone company in most cases), and make a totally non-public network. its a layering convention that permits US to label this as completely non-public, as these dedicated communications services are (at the lower layers of the protocol stack) again, instances of virtual non-public communications systems created atop a typical transmission bearer system. Of course, this is often not without precedent, and it should be noted that the bulk of the early efforts in information networking, and many of the present information networking architectures, dont assume a deployment model of present public access. The alternative to using the web as a VPN nowadays is to lease circuits, or similar dedicated communications services, from public network operators (the local telephone service in most cases), and build a total ly non-public network. its a layering convention that permits United States of America to label this as completely non-public, as these dedicated communications services are (at the lower layers of the protocol stack) once more instances of virtual non-public communications systems created atop a standard transmission bearer system. Of course, this is often not while not precedent, and it should be noted that the bulk of the first efforts in information networking, and a variety of the present information networking architectures, dont assume a preparation model of present public access. However, this alternative will have an associated value, in that the consumer now must manage the network and all its associated components, invest capital in network change infrastructure, hire trained workers, and assume complete responsibility for the provisioning and on-going maintenance of the network service. Such a passionate use of transport services, equipment, and staff is commonly difficult to justify for several small-to-medium sized organizations, and whereas the practicality of a non-public network system is needed, the expressed need is to scale back the price of the service through the utilization of shared transport services, equipment, and management. There are variety of situations which may address this need, ranging from outsourcing the management of the changing components of the network (managed network services) to outsourcing the capital equipment elements (leased network services), to the outsourcing of the management, equipment, and transport components to a service supplier altogether. This is, in fact, the foremost common form of VPN within which there are geographically various subnetworks which belong to a standard administrative domain, interconnected by a shared infrastructure outside of their body management (such as the world wide web or a single service suppl ier backbone). The principle motivation for establishing a VPN of this kind is that maybe the bulk of communications between devices among the VPN community could also be sensitive in nature (again, a choice on the extent of privacy needed rests exclusively on a risk analysis performed by the directors of the VPN), nevertheless the full worth of the communications system doesnt justify the investment during a absolutely non-public communications system that uses distinct transmission components. On a related note, the extent of privacy a VPN could relish depends greatly on the technology used to construct the VPN. as an example, if the communications between every VPN subnetwork (or between every VPN host) is securely encrypted because it transits the common communications infrastructure, then it can be said that the privacy aspect of the VPN is comparatively high. In fact, the granularity of a VPN implementation will be de-escalated further to one end-to-end, one-to-one connectivity situation. samples of these kinds of one-to-one VPNs are single dial-up users establishing a VPN association to a secure application, like an internet banking service, or one user establishing a secure, encrypted session between a desktop and server application, like a purchasing transaction conducted on the internet. This is often a kind of one-to-one VPN is changing into more and more prevailing as secure electronic commerce applications become a lot more mature and further deployed on the net . So what is a Virtual Private Network? As weve mentioned, a VPN can take many forms. A VPN area unit typically between two end-systems, or it should be between two or additional networks. A VPN is also built with tunnels or encoding (at primarily any layer of the protocol stack), or both, or instead created with MPLS or one in every of the virtual router ways. A VPN can contain networks connected to a service providers network by hired lines, Frame Relays, or ATM, or a VPN can embrace dial-up subscribers connecting to centralized services, or different dial-up subscribers. The pertinent conclusion here is that whereas a VPN can take many forms, there are some basic common problems that a VPN is built to unravel, whereas at the same time exploiting the monetary probability of economics of the scale of the underlying common host communications system. In general, the technique of supporting personal communities of interest just by route filtering will at the best be delineated as a primitive technique of VPN construction, that is vulnerable to body errors, associate degreed admits an undue level of insecurity and network inflexibility. Even with comprehensive traffic an d route filtering, the ensuing atmosphere isnt completely robust. The operational overhead needed to support complementary sets of ancient routing and traffic filters could be a relevant thought, and this approach doesnt seem to possess the scaling properties to permit the quantity of VPNs to grow farther than the bounds of various connections, using todays routing technologies. Having said that, however, a far additional scaleable approach is to use BGP communities as a technique to regulate route propagation. the utilization of BGP communities scales far better than different strategies to that extent as dominant route propagation and is a smaller amount vulnerable to human misconfiguration. As you can see I have explained what a VPN is, how it works, and why we use it for a variety of things such as everyday use and for more business type situations.

Yellowstone National Park Essay -- Parks Recreation

Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park is one of the largest and oldest national parks in American history. Yellowstone was the first park to be protected by private investment on March 1, 1872, and the first to be put under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service in 1918, no doubt due to its unique and inspiring landscape and geothermal features. In fact, Yellowstone National Park is home to half of the world’s total hydrothermal features. These awesome attractions draw an incredible amount of visitors, an average of two to three million each year, to Yellowstone’s immense landscape. The park has a total size of 28,125 square miles, is found in three distinct states, and is considered to be one of the largest intact temperate zone ecosystems in the world today (Yellowstone National Park Official Homepage). Following thousands of years of Native American occupation, the area now known as Yellowstone National Park was officially "discovered" by western-traveling fur traders and settlers, whose stories of bubbling mud and gushing geysers seemed at first to be delusional tall tales. Traffic increased to the area, however, and more and more Americans grew in awe of the area's hydrothermal features, wild animal and plant life, petrified trees, and impressive Yellowstone River and Lake. The area's intense and moving landscape soon moved president Ulysses S. Grant to sign the Yellowstone National Park Act on March 1, 1872, which protected the area from private development and placed it under the protection of the United States Army, who managed Yellowstone from 1886 to 1916. Yellowstone National Park sparked the creation of the National Park Service, and soon became the first national park in American his... ...as the first American national park to be founded for good reason – this dynamic and stirring area deserves to be conserved and enjoyed for decades to come. Works Cited: Appendix A: Common and Scientific Names. Retrieved April 20, 2004, http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr30/lynx_appA.pdf "History of the Park." Yellowstone Resources and Issues. National Park Service, 2003. 19-30. â€Å"Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.† Yellowstone Resources and Issues. National Park Service, 2003. 31-52 Schullery, Paul and John D. Varley. Yellowstone Center for Resources. The Yellowstone Lake Crisis: Confronting a Lake Trout Invasion. 1995. Retrieved March 8, 2004, http://www.nps.gov/yell/publications/pdfs/laketrout2.pdf Yellowstone National Park Official Webpage. National Park Service. Retrieved April 20, 2004, http://www.nps.gov/yell/indes.htm

Decency And The Sex Slave Trade Essay

The frequent cry which is heard from varying audiences all over the nation gives good reason for deep concern. What ever happened to decent entertainment and viewing for individuals, families and friends? Constitutional indifference is cited as one of the main problems as increasingly, it is becoming a grey area in the aspect of decency. Ultimately, it cannot be the lack of specificity in the constitution that should be blamed. As a whole, the broadcasting industry has a major moral and social responsibility to play. Working in hand with the law makers, it would be in the best interest of the nation to have more constitutional precision when it comes to defining levels of decency acceptability especially in the best interest of the younger generation. These are the future of this country. Comment 2 It is all well and good to be having debates and news stories capturing the sordid activities perpetuated by sex slave traders who reap benefits from such a terrible occupation. The reality of the matter is down to how practical measures have been put in place to combat the negative impression created by those industries that thrive on the weaknesses and degradation of women majorly and families of gamers. For one thing, promising a better lifestyle for women from minority backgrounds globally through sex slavery is inhumane and utterly despicable. The Gaming Commission has a lot to offer through the application of stringent policies to resorts and gaming places, in the forms of casinos et al, in order to limit the negative portrayal of the entertainment which it offers – indecent and highly degrading. With the increase in popularity of the gaming industry, the advertising and publicity which it currently fosters will only lead to higher rates of crime and vice stemmed in drug, alcohol and sexually-related perversion. Las Vegas for instance will only experience rises in discrimination against women, sexually-related abuse cases, higher divorce rates amongst other similar vices. Advertising is a powerful weapon of molding culture and attitudes in society either for good or for bad. The time is now to maximize its positive influence in this generation. References Goldman, A. (2008, January 31). Bewildered, academics pore over sex-trade  hysteria: They try to figure out how they got  steamrolled. Las Vegas Sun. http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2008/jan/31/bewildered-academics-pore-over-sex-trade-hysteria/

Group Decision Making Essay

Abstract Group decision making is imperative for deciding what action a group should take. This paper aims to define the process of group decision making and examine the discipline, theory, paradigm, and methodology that dominate approaches to group decision-making research. Furthermore, it provides an outline of the research’s perceptual process and endeavors to address an appropriate alternative approach to this research problem, and an evaluation of qualitative and quantitative research designs for this area of research. These are discussed in connection with selected empirical data. Critical Review of Group Decision Making Research Group decision making is one of the most significant and methodological ways of overcoming and/or resolving certain conflicts with the aid of other individuals. It becomes a more controversial in deciding what action a group should take due to the varieties of systems, which are acknowledged in order to solve a particular conflict. Decision making in a certain group is frequently evaluated in a separate manner, as the issue with regard to the process and outcome is concerned. While such a process of group decision making refers to how every member of a group interacts with the others, the outcome is the result of preferred method or action that the entire group has taken. A number of masters from prestigious universities have been arguing with regard to the critical review of group decision-making research since the 19th century. One of the world-renown masters of that time was James Stoner who observed that group decisions are more speculative than the earlier exclusive decisions of the members of a particular group or organization (Stoner, 1961). During the period subsequent to the time when he released his masters’ thesis and scholarly articles concerning the critical review of group decision-making research, numerous researched studies with empirical bases have shown that such a perilous modification is omnipresent or ubiquitous occurrence. Moreover, there is the presence of judiciousness on certain group decisions than the members (Moscovici & Zavalloni. 1969; Myers & Lamm, 1976). However, the tendency of people to make decisions, which is extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently, will take place as a commencing disposition of an individual group members toward a specified way is increased subsequent to the given group decision. For instance, a group of pro-feminist women will be more powerfully pro-feminist subsequent to the given group decision (Myers. 1975). Therefore, on decisions that present to every individual group and/or member, a reasonable disposition in a specified way comes along with a group decision, which belongs to a more reasonable disposition in the same way. Critical Review on a Group Decision Some other conceptualization with regard to the tendency of people to make decisions, which is extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently, will be superfluous due the number of outstanding reviews and/or conceptualization until 1970s (Myers & Lamm, 1976). Throughout this time, the arguments concerning such a conceptualization have become remarkable. Hence, numerous researchers contributed various ideologies and significant contributions to produce group decisions, which are more speculative than the earlier exclusive decisions of the members of a particular group or organization. In latter years, vehemence for group research with regard to disposition has begun to lessen; it has believed that a thorough retrospective view or survey will contribute to the reorientation of research in such a field. In addition to this view, reassessment will also incorporate the tendency of people to make decisions, which is extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently, with other gregarious or communal imaginary and cognitive phenomena. Thus, this research concludes by proposing a few significant matters of desegregation. Moreover, basic cognitive process will be involved in obtaining and storing more knowledge and insights upon demonstrating convincing disputation and communal distinction intervening the doctrine that all natural phenomena are explicable by material causes and mechanical principles within the bounds of group decision making. Study of this consequence shows that subsequent in time of taking part in a discussion group, every member tends to propose greater whereabouts; the demand for more perilous procedures of exploit than individuals who do not take part in any such discourse becomes inevitable. This incident has given birth to the perilous modification of group decision making. Moreover, the tendency of people to make decisions, which is extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently, is used in order to explicate and give light to the decision making of a panel or a group of people legally selected to hear a case and to decide what are the facts. Contemporary studies of world-renown scholars and savants show that subsequent in time to meditating into a single group, simulated panel of experts frequently determines retaliatory impairment prior to deliberation. Hence, the studies showed that when the favor of the panel of experts is given to an individual that bears insufficient facts and/or explications with regard to the extant issues, matters of argumentation might lead to a more compassionate outcome. While the panel of experts is influenced to ordain an efficacious or disastrous treatment, such contemporary discourse could yield severe and arduous circumstances to cope with. Progress in Analysis of Group Decision Making Brown’s (1965) innovative discourse of such a perilous modification, one of the vital vindications of selected changes, has been a communal juxtaposition. Based on the entire view of this conceptualization, people are regularly encouraged both to identify and to introduce themselves in a gregarious suitable illumination. To do this, every individual should be constantly preparing knowledge and insights with regard to how other groups of people introduce themselves, and changing his/her personal investiture. Some adaptations of social comparison theory shows that the number of people wishes to be understood as more advantageous than what other groups of people comprehend to be the standard movement. In one case that every individual distinguishes how most other people demonstrate and/or introduce themselves, he or she present him/herself in a reasonable illumination or awareness. Whenever all members of a colluding group involve in the same examination of such a methodological or systematic procedure, the outcome, therefore, is a mean modification in a way of valuable community. There is the presence of two fluctuations of the said temporal arrangement; one is that highlights the displacements of cognitive contents, which have multiple numbers of aspects, while the other one concerns the practice of keeping one jump ahead of a friend or competitor. Based on the studies of such a pluralistic ignorance, every individual or group of people introduces itself and/or its own positions as a settlement of differences in which each side makes concessions in the interval of two different proclivities—the petition to be bound by mutual interests, loyalties, or affections to an individual’s own conception of absolute perfection. In addition to this view, the desire not to be aberrant from the notion of the inner direction of a certain group is also acknowledged. Thus, prior to group discussion review or argument, every member of a particular group trivializes the standards of the group ab initio. Evaluation from the primary valuations of their personal standards becomes distant to some extent or degree. Throughout the argumentations, which are unfolded by the entire group, every individual or member of the group is acknowledged nigh to the right standards; hence, an instance of divergence or disagreement by the common action of how good a group member is and how he or she likes to be ostensible. On delving into the second set of options, a group member directly changes to a more idealistic thought or matter of argumentations. As such, the strategic method of group decision making with most group members is acknowledged. Therefore, the theory concerning pluralistic ignorance is that it prevails for the mere reason of precise exchange of information with regard to the true beliefs of most members of the group in spite of the fact that it might be due to the preconception, which has a basis in or reducible to empirical factual knowledge (Jones & Nisbett, 1972). Other evaluators made a thorough explication concerning the possible outcomes of procedures in relation to the social comparison. These evaluations have become a more controversial along the issue concerning such matters of argument in which the group of people are encouraged by an aspiration to be unique from the other groups of people in a more precious and significant way or direction of feelings and/or thoughts (Fromkin, 1970). Moreover, these people are also encouraged to introduce themselves in a more advantageous way than the other groups of people. Briefly, such a group of people desires to be unique and become better than other groups of people. As an analogy, Brown expresses his own feelings by acknowledging the fact that when creating pre-valuations in a certain aspect, every individual member of the group gives him/herself a valuation, which is moderately advantageous than the valuation that he or she takes for granted—the norm or standards the mean group member will share. For a better comprehension with regard to this conceptualization, when a member directly or indirectly deducts the precise standards, he or she then develops his or her personal valuations; hence, making the general options with regard to the perilous modification becomes inevitable to acknowledge. Inasmuch as the technical aspects of making the perilous modification in cognitive contents, which have multiple aspects, the technical aspects concerning a current or fashionable trend is a settlement of differences in which each side makes concessions by the common action of self-enhancement and self-abasement. Indeed, however, it may be quite arduous to acknowledge these two technical aspects theoretically. Nevertheless, there are respective imbrications on the pluralistic ignorance and current or fashionable trends. To support such an argument, the general reference for social comparison comes from presentations that coherent knowledge and insights with regard to the standards of other group members is able to make conformation bias. It takes place when combined or neutral vestige is used to reinforce an already made and intelligibly one-sided point of view. Consequently, every member of the group on both sides may therefore make an action or any movement farther apart, when he or she is presented with the same combined vestige. Such e strategic effect is called ‘mere exposure’ effects in which numerous researched studies have tried creating this terminology for further explication of the denotations of the perilous modification within the group decision making. Processing the Information that Affects the Group Decision Making A number of scholarly studies with regard to the group decision making from different pats of the world have been published; now, it remains one of the global contemporary issues. The original perilous modification research of Stoner (1961) has been globally recognized upon the use of certain outlines of the summary with a dramatic or literary work—the scenario, which shows the value of perils that a group member thinks what action he or she should take. For a better comprehension, it is explained with the best example, which Stoner used. He shows such a perilous modification through playing with a chess—the moves, careers shifts, professional shifts etc. In addition, other studies concern the probability of such a perilous modification. It is showed through the frequent exposure of conditions in which it is more likely to be substantial than any moderate exposure of such conditions; mixed with non-significant. Some studies argue that a certain member’s option or a standard on the matter of argument is methodological function of numerous pro and con debates. It is acknowledged as an individual calls back the memory when hypothesizing his or her personal thought or standards. Therefore, in forming an opinion or estimation of the guilt or innocence of an accused person after careful consideration, a body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law comes to pre-deliberation decisions in accordance with the respective number and strength of the pro-guilt and pro-innocence statements. Consequently, a formal discourse on a topic or an exposition becomes the cause of an individual’s modification of his or her thought with regard to the running skepticism in the court. During the period subsequent to the time when the conceptualization of the power to induce the taking of a course of action or the embracing of a point of view by means of argument or entreaty is acknowledged, a number of studies distinguish the characteristics of statements, which lead them into being convincing. Moreover, some studies express the denotations of perilous modification. They show this through presenting deputations on the statements within the group members. For a better comprehension concerning this ideology, a specified group may or may not change the way, which has given to it. While every member thinks of producing a good outcome, the arguments take place from the other members of the group. Thus, the function of originality is certainly and specifically determined. However, if such statements or arguments are given from the fact that the individual member is already acquainted with such matter of argumentations, he or she then cannot modify or change his or her position or standards of thinking or sharing his or her thoughts with the other members of the group of choice (Kaplan, 1997). Evaluating Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs As such, if new convincing arguments are given, but opposing the way that has been pre-approved by the group member, their standards will be modified reversely. Hence, a body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law who pre-approved one who is justly chargeable with or responsible for a usually grave breach of conduct or a crime will come to regard a more guilty opinion or treat him or her with favor. This occurrence takes place only if he or she is liable to the new statements, which give favor to the fact of having committed a breach of conduct especially violating law and involving a penal. The condition of being peculiar to a particular individual or group, as the issue with regard to the process by which other studies or scholarly researched articles produce, accommodates two general empirical bases. One is that concerns the given correct information. To understand better, such studies or scholarly articles anticipate the methodological system and extent of selecting the thought to be unfolded on the matters of argumentation whether they are breaking up into opposing factions or grouping, or causing to become partially or wholly unbroken up to opposing factions. In addition to this statement or argument with regard to the critical review of group decision making, the number of studies make it easier to bring out the conceptual coordination of mental processes into a normal effective personality or with the individual’s environment, or the operation of finding a function whose differential is known and/or solving a different equation. In view of that fact, the fundamental technical aspect is the same for statements, which have been processed in a more advanced and secure system, or in a mutual or reciprocal action or influence with the other people or group members. Therefore, to support the entire conceptualization of this view, the vestige for the proposition that convincing statements alone may yield choice modification and a position of polarization, which has been assumed for a specific purpose—boldly supported by advanced explications of polarization (Pruitt, 197la. 1971b). Conclusion I have learned substantially from the said research and conceptualization of contemporary argumentations with regard to the critical review of group decision making and it impelled me to seek various means to learn the more advanced and methodological process of critical thinking and evaluation on the group decision-making. First, I have learned to perceive more contemplatively. This means, prior to making decisions or establishing beliefs, a group member must be aware that he or she has personal biases about certain things and he or she should not let this get in the way of arriving at an accurate perception and wise decision. Second, I have learned that by being more involved and by listening to and observing people a particular member of the group, who joins the arguments while discussing the best things to gain favorable outcomes, would be able to gain a broader perspective, if not a holistic view, of people and circumstances as a whole. This means that he or she should not only be satisfied with what he or she sees or wants to see but endeavor to look further and probe deeper into what is actually happening that he or she could not directly sense. Moreover, he or she should also verify his or her perceptions and the conclusions he or she has reached through critical thinking by communicating and learning more about the entities involved. These helpful hints have caused substantial improvement in my critical thinking process relative not only to the office works but to all the other daily activities as well. They have led me to perceive accurately, think critically and gain greater understanding of people and contemporary events. References Brown. R. (1965). Social psychology. New York: Free Press. Fromkin. H. (1970). Effects of experimentally aroused feelings of indistinctiveness upon valuation of scarce and novel experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 16. 521-529 Jones, E. E.. & Nisbett R. E. (1972). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. In E. E. Jones, E. E. Kanouse. H. H. Kelley. R. E. Nisbett, S. Valins. & B. Veiner(Eds. ). Attribution. Perceiving the causes of behavior. Morristown. NJ: General Learning Press. Kaplan. M. F. (1977). Discussion polarization effects in a modified jury decision paradigm: Informational influences. Sociomeir): 40, 262-271 Moscovici. S. , & Zavalloni. M. (1969). The group as a polarizer of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 12. I25-135. Myers, D. G. (1975). Discussion-induced attitude polarization. Human Relations, 28, 699-714 Myers. D. G. , & Lamm. H. (1975). The polarizing effect of group discussion. American Scientist, 63. 297-303. Pruitl, D. G. (197 la). Choice shifts in group discussion: An introductory review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 20, 339-360. — (197lb). Conclusions: Toward an understanding of choice shifts in group discussion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 20. 495-510. Stoner, J. A. F. (1961). A comparison of individual and group decisions involving risk. Unpublished master’s thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Cambridge, MA.